Test Bank 1-2
Test Bank For ANS: B
Mason Policy & Politics in Nursing and Health Care, 8th Edition
Smallpox was eradicated in 1980. Edward Jenner vaccinated James Phipps in 1796 against
smallpox. Almost 200 years later, the World Health Organization (WHO) commissioned
Chapter 01: Introduction D.A. Henderson to lead the efforts to eradicate the disease.
MULTIPLE CHOICE
4. Over the past century, a marked decline in the mortality rates of many infectious diseases
1. Which of the following is an example of tertiary prevention? has been observed. Which of the following is the most likely reason for the observed decline
in mortality rates from common infectious diseases?
a. Vaccination for rotavirus for children younger than the age of 1 year
b. Surgical amputation of an extremity with osteosarcoma (bone cancer) a. Development of penicillin
c. Screening for gestational diabetes after 24 weeks of pregnancy b. Development of insulin
d. Sexual education program in elementary schools c. Development of vaccines
e. Increasing taxes for buying cigarettes d. Improvement in social conditions
e. Worse sanitation and unsafe water
ANS: B
ANS: D
Surgical amputation of an extremity with osteosarcoma (bone cancer) is an example in which
when a disease is present the treatment (amputation) is done to reduce the impact of disease Although medical treatments potentially helped in the decrease of infectious diseases, the
by preventing the tumor from dissemination. Vaccination for rotavirus for children younger advancement in social conditions played a major role. These improvements include better
than the age of 1 year, sexual education program in elementary schools, and increasing taxes sanitation, safe disposal of waste, better nutrition, and improvement in housing conditions.
for buying cigarettes represent examples of primary prevention. Screening for gestational
diabetes after 24 weeks of pregnancy is an example of secondary prevention.
2. This historic character observed that childbed fever mortality was more common among Chapter 02: The Dynamics of Disease Transmission
women treated by physicians and medical students compared with women treated by
midwives. Based on his observations, he implemented a hand wash policy that resulted in a
decrease in mortality. Name the character that we are talking about. Test Bank
a. John Snow MULTIPLE CHOICE
b. Edward Jenner
c. D.A. Henderson 1. Which term most accurately describes the following definition? “The occurrence in a
d. Leon Gordis community or region of cases of an illness, specific health-related behavior, or other health-
e. Ignaz Semmelweis related events clearly in excess of normal expectancy.” [Porta M, ed. A Dictionary of
Epidemiology. New York: Oxford University Press; 2014.]
ANS: E
a. Endemic
Ignaz Semmelweis identified that medical students and physicians transmitted the disease by b. Epidemic
not washing their hands after examining bodies at autopsies and conducting multiple c. Pandemic
examinations in the clinic. d. Attack rate
e. Incubation period
3. Thanks to the contributions of Edward Jenner, the following disease was eradicated later
by efforts organized by D.A. Henderson: ANS: B
a. Cholera An epidemic is the occurrence of health-related events in a community or region, in clear
b. Smallpox excess of normal expectation. Endemic is not true because it is defined as the constant
c. Chickenpox occurrence of a disease, disorder, or noxious infectious agent in a geographic area or
d. Polio population group. Pandemic is not true because it is defined as an epidemic occurring over a
e. Zika very wide area, crossing international boundaries, and usually affecting a large number of
Copyright © 2020 by Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.
,Test Bank 1-3 Test Bank 1-4
people. Attack rate is not true because it is defined as number of people at risk in whom a from the luncheon at the conference on April 1, 2018. After an initial outbreak of food
certain illness develops over total number of people at risk. Incubation period is not true poisoning is reported, an epidemiologist sends surveys to all people at risk to investigate the
because it is the interval from receipt of infection to the time of onset of clinical illness (the cause. However, only 900 people among those at risk answer the survey. After analysis of
onset of recognizable symptoms). 900 survey results, the epidemiologist concludes that the most suspected foods in the
outbreak are pepperoni pizza and meatball spaghetti. What is the overall attack rate for those
2. What is the most accurate definition of the incubation period (of an infectious disease)? who ate meatball spaghetti? Use the following table to answer the question.
Summary of Survey Responses
a. The time of onset of clinical illness or the onset of recognizable symptoms
Number of people who Number of people who ate the
b. The interval from receipt of infection to the time of onset of clinical illness (the onset of
developed the case definition food
recognizable symptoms)
symptoms
c. The time of invasion by an infectious agent
d. The time between initiation of infection and first shedding or excretion of the agent Pepperoni pizza only 113 275
e. The period between exposure and the onset of infectiousness
Meatball spaghetti only 62 375
ANS: B
Both pepperoni pizza and 57 150
The incubation period is defined as the interval from receipt of infection to the time of onset meatball spaghetti
of clinical illness (the onset of recognizable symptoms); in other words, the time between the
moment of developing symptoms and the moment of invasion by an infectious agent. “The Neither of pepperoni pizza or 10 100
time of onset of clinical illness or the onset of recognizable symptoms” is not true as it meatball spaghetti
corresponds to “time of onset.” “The time of invasion by an infectious agent” is not true as it
corresponds to “time of infection.” “The time between initiation of infection and first a. 41%
shedding or excretion of the agent” and “The period between exposure and the onset of b. 38%
infectiousness” are not true as they correspond to the latent period. (The latent period is c. 27%
focusing on the onset of infectiousness, but the incubation period is focusing on the onset of d. 40%
the symptom.) e. 23%
3. There was a food poisoning outbreak on April 1, 2018, at the City Z Food Safety ANS: E
Conference. There were 1,000 people registered for the conference with luncheon, 100
volunteers to host attendees, and 50 people who served the luncheon during the conference. To calculate the food-specific attack rate, we need to define how many people are exposed to
Except for 50 people who served the food, all of the participants and volunteers ate the food the specific food and how many people develop the symptoms in the case definition. In this
from the luncheon at the conference on April 1, 2018. Based only on the information given in question, we are asking about “overall” attack rate in those people who ate meatball
this question, how many people are at risk in this food poisoning outbreak? spaghetti, so we have to add “meatball spaghetti only” and “both pepperoni pizza and
meatball spaghetti” to get the overall rate. Which is 525 (375 plus 150), who are at risk of
a. 1,000 exposure, and 119 (62 plus 57), who developed the symptoms, corresponding to 23% of
b. 1,100 attack rate.
c. 1,150
d. 150 5. There was a food poisoning outbreak on April 1, 2018, at the City Z Food Safety
e. 50 Conference. There were 1,000 people registered for the conference with luncheon, 100
volunteers to host attendees, and 50 people who served the luncheon during the conference.
ANS: B Except for 50 people who served the food, all of the participants and volunteers ate the food
from the luncheon at the conference on April 1, 2018. After an initial outbreak of food
People at risk in this outbreak are people who were exposed to the food at the conference. poisoning is reported, an epidemiologist sends surveys to all people at risk to investigate the
Even though 1,150 people were at the conference, 50 people who served the food did not eat cause. However, only 900 people among those at risk answer the survey. After analysis of
the food. Therefore we have to exclude those 50 people. 900 survey results, the epidemiologist concludes that the most suspected foods in the
outbreak are pepperoni pizza and meatball spaghetti. What is the most suspected food for
4. There was a food poisoning outbreak on April 1, 2018, at the City Z Food Safety food poisoning after cross-tabulation? Use the following table to answer the question.
Conference. There were 1,000 people registered for the conference with luncheon, 100 Summary of Survey Responses
volunteers to host attendees, and 50 people who served the luncheon during the conference.
Number of people who Number of people who ate the
Except for 50 people who served the food, all of the participants and volunteers ate the food
Copyright © 2020 by Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved. Copyright © 2020 by Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.
,Test Bank 1-5 Test Bank 1-6
e. vector.
developed the case definition food
symptoms
ANS: E
Pepperoni pizza only 113 275
Diseases transmitted by mosquitos are called vector borne. Direct, single exposure, and
Meatball spaghetti only 62 375 multiple exposure represent other modes of transmission, and mosquitosis does not exist.
Both pepperoni pizza and 57 150 8. An outbreak of measles occurred in City A. There were 1,000 confirmed cases among
meatball spaghetti children younger than 10 years old. Unfortunately, 50 children died of measles. Fifty
represent 5% of the total number of cases. What concept is being illustrated in this example?
Neither of pepperoni pizza or 10 100
meatball spaghetti a. Attack rate
b. Secondary attack rate
a. Pepperoni pizza only c. Case-fatality rate
b. Meatball spaghetti only d. Incubation period
c. Both pepperoni pizza and meatball spaghetti e. Subclinical disease
d. Neither pepperoni pizza nor meatball spaghetti
e. We cannot determine the cause of food based on this information ANS: C
ANS: A Case-fatality rate is defined as the proportion of people who die of a disease, among the total
number of cases of that disease. Attack rate and secondary attack rate refer to the proportion
Pepperoni pizza only attack rate is 41.09% (113 divided by 275), and meatball spaghetti only of people (at risk) who develop a disease among the total number of people who were at risk
is 16.53% (62 divided by 375). The attack rate of both pepperoni pizza and meatball spaghetti for the disease. Incubation period describes the period between the origin of disease and onset
is 38.00% (57 divided by 150). Some may choose both of them which are the most suspected of clinical symptoms. Subclinical disease describes a disease that does not manifest clinically.
food. If both the foods were the most suspected food, we should have a higher attack rate in
meatball spaghetti only group as well. 9. During the conquest of Mexico, outbreaks played an important role that favored the
Spaniards. There were several outbreaks of smallpox that killed thousands of natives.
6. What is the name of the occurrence of a clearly higher than expected number of cases of a Smallpox was introduced into America by the Europeans. Why were the natives particularly
disease within a limited geographical region? afflicted by smallpox outbreaks?
a. Pandemic a. Among natives, the proportion of susceptibles was higher.
b. Epidemic b. Among Spaniards, the proportion of immunes was extremely low.
c. Endemic c. Spaniards had the cure for smallpox.
d. Zoonosis d. Natives had a gene that made them more prone to die from smallpox.
e. Attack rate e. Spaniards were protected from smallpox because they had armors.
ANS: B ANS: A
The definition of epidemic is precisely the occurrence of a clearly higher than habitual Because natives were not introduced to the smallpox virus until after the Spaniards arrived,
number of cases of a disease within a certain geographic region. Pandemic refers to a all of them were susceptibles. In a population with a higher proportion of susceptibles,
worldwide epidemic. Endemic refers to the habitual occurrence. Zoonosis describes a disease outbreaks can initiate and spread easily. Spaniards had a better balance between susceptibles
that is transmitted from animals to humans. and immunes; therefore the likelihood of an outbreak happening among them was much
lower.
7. Malaria is a parasitic disease transmitted by the Anopheles mosquito bite. This mode of
transmission is called 10. The population of Oriol City in June 2018 was 612,437. According to the Oriol City’s
health department, there were 329 new cases of Raven’s disease during 2018. Counting those
a. direct. new cases, by December 31 it was estimated that there were 6580 persons with Raven’s
b. single exposure. disease in Oriol City. What was the incidence rate of Raven’s disease in 2018?
c. multiple exposure.
d. mosquitosis. a. 26 per 100,000 population
Copyright © 2020 by Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved. Copyright © 2020 by Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.
, Test Bank 1-7 Test Bank 1-8
b. 33 per 100,000 population ANS: C
c. 54 per 100,000 population
d. 1074 per 100,000 population Sentinel surveillance is a type of surveillance system. Instead of attempting to gather
e. 5000 per 100,000 population surveillance data from all health care providers, a sentinel surveillance system selects, either
randomly or intentionally, a small group of healthproviders from whom to gather data.
ANS: C “Active surveillance often gathers disease data from all potential reporting health care
providers” is not correct. Active surveillance stimulus to health care providers in the form of
The numerator to calculate the incidence rate is the total number of new cases (329), and the individual feedback or other incentives. In active surveillance, providers contacted on regular
denominator is the total number of people who were at risk of developing the condition (in basis to collect information. It is more resource intensive and mostly used for outbreak
this case we use the population at the middle of that period, 612,437). We express the investigations or pilot studies. “Passive surveillance provides stimulus to health care
incidence rate per 100,000 to avoid the decimals: 329/612,437 = 0.000537 100,000 = 53.7. providers in the form of individual feedback or other incentives” is not correct. Passive
surveillance gathers disease data from all potential reporting health care providers. It is the
11. The population of Oriol City in June 2018 was 612,437. According to the Oriol City’s most common type of surveillance. Providers are responsible for reporting. “Active
health department, there were 329 new cases of Raven’s disease during 2018. Counting those surveillance is continuous analysis, interpretation, and feedback of systematically collected
new cases, by December 31 it was estimated that there were 6580 persons with Raven’s data, generally using methods distinguished by their practicality, uniformity, and rapidity
disease in Oriol City. What was the prevalence of Raven’s disease in 2018? rather than by accuracy or completeness” is not correct. This is one of the general definitions
of surveillance. Surveillance is also defined a systematic and continuous collection, analysis,
a. 26 per 100,000 population and interpretation of data, closely integrated with the timely and coherent dissemination of
b. 33 per 100,000 population the results and assessment to those who have the right to know so that action can be taken.
c. 54 per 100,000 population “Passive surveillance is an observational investigation, usually descriptive, in which
d. 1074 per 100,000 population information is systematically collected” is not correct. A survey is an observational
e. 5000 per 100,000 population investigation, usually descriptive, in which information is systematically collected.
ANS: D 2. At an initial examination in Baltimore, Maryland, disease X was found in 10 of 1,000 men
aged 40 to 50 years and in 10 of 2,000 women aged 30 to 40 years. Which of the following
To calculate the prevalence of Raven’s disease, we use the total number of cases present at statement is the most accurate inference for the risk of developing disease X?
the end of the period (6580) divided by the total number of people in that city (612,437),
thus: 6580/612,437 = 0.01074 100,000 = 1074. a. Men have a 2 times greater risk of developing disease X than women.
Chapter 03: The Occurrence of Disease: I. Disease Surveillance and b. Women have a 2 times greater risk of developing disease X than men.
c. People aged between 40 and 50 years have a 2 times greater burden of developing disease
Measures of Morbidity
X than people aged between 30 and 40.
d. People aged between 30 and 40 years have a 2 times greater burden of developing disease
X than people aged between 40 and 50.
Test Bank
e. We cannot make any inference of risk of developing disease X.
MULTIPLE CHOICE
ANS: E
1. Which of the following statements is the most accurate definition?
The information provided in question is only prevalence of disease X at an initial
examination. Based on information from prevalence, we cannot make any inference for risk
a. Active surveillance often gathers disease data from all potential reporting health care
of developing disease X. We should have newly diagnosed cases in a certain amount of time
providers.
with population at risk for risk calculation and comparison. “Men have a 2 times greater risk
b. Passive surveillance provides stimulus to health care providers in the form of individual
of developing disease X than women,” “Women have a 2 times greater risk of developing
feedback or other incentives.
disease X than men,” “People aged between 40 and 50 years have a 2 times greater burden of
c. Sentinel surveillance is a type of surveillance based on selected population samples chosen
developing disease X than people aged between 30 and 40,” and “People aged between 30
to represent the relevant experience of particular groups.
and 40 years have a 2 times greater burden of developing disease X than people aged between
d. Active surveillance is continuous analysis, interpretation, and feedback of systematically
40 and 50” are not correct. Because we cannot perform a risk comparison based on disease
collected data, generally using methods distinguished by their practicality, uniformity, and
prevalence. The accurate statement on disease prevalence is “Men aged 40 to 50 years have 2
rapidity rather than by accuracy or completeness.
times of greater prevalence of disease X than women aged 30 to 40 years.”
e. Passive surveillance is an observational investigation, usually descriptive, in which
information is systematically collected.
Copyright © 2020 by Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved. Copyright © 2020 by Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.
Test Bank For ANS: B
Mason Policy & Politics in Nursing and Health Care, 8th Edition
Smallpox was eradicated in 1980. Edward Jenner vaccinated James Phipps in 1796 against
smallpox. Almost 200 years later, the World Health Organization (WHO) commissioned
Chapter 01: Introduction D.A. Henderson to lead the efforts to eradicate the disease.
MULTIPLE CHOICE
4. Over the past century, a marked decline in the mortality rates of many infectious diseases
1. Which of the following is an example of tertiary prevention? has been observed. Which of the following is the most likely reason for the observed decline
in mortality rates from common infectious diseases?
a. Vaccination for rotavirus for children younger than the age of 1 year
b. Surgical amputation of an extremity with osteosarcoma (bone cancer) a. Development of penicillin
c. Screening for gestational diabetes after 24 weeks of pregnancy b. Development of insulin
d. Sexual education program in elementary schools c. Development of vaccines
e. Increasing taxes for buying cigarettes d. Improvement in social conditions
e. Worse sanitation and unsafe water
ANS: B
ANS: D
Surgical amputation of an extremity with osteosarcoma (bone cancer) is an example in which
when a disease is present the treatment (amputation) is done to reduce the impact of disease Although medical treatments potentially helped in the decrease of infectious diseases, the
by preventing the tumor from dissemination. Vaccination for rotavirus for children younger advancement in social conditions played a major role. These improvements include better
than the age of 1 year, sexual education program in elementary schools, and increasing taxes sanitation, safe disposal of waste, better nutrition, and improvement in housing conditions.
for buying cigarettes represent examples of primary prevention. Screening for gestational
diabetes after 24 weeks of pregnancy is an example of secondary prevention.
2. This historic character observed that childbed fever mortality was more common among Chapter 02: The Dynamics of Disease Transmission
women treated by physicians and medical students compared with women treated by
midwives. Based on his observations, he implemented a hand wash policy that resulted in a
decrease in mortality. Name the character that we are talking about. Test Bank
a. John Snow MULTIPLE CHOICE
b. Edward Jenner
c. D.A. Henderson 1. Which term most accurately describes the following definition? “The occurrence in a
d. Leon Gordis community or region of cases of an illness, specific health-related behavior, or other health-
e. Ignaz Semmelweis related events clearly in excess of normal expectancy.” [Porta M, ed. A Dictionary of
Epidemiology. New York: Oxford University Press; 2014.]
ANS: E
a. Endemic
Ignaz Semmelweis identified that medical students and physicians transmitted the disease by b. Epidemic
not washing their hands after examining bodies at autopsies and conducting multiple c. Pandemic
examinations in the clinic. d. Attack rate
e. Incubation period
3. Thanks to the contributions of Edward Jenner, the following disease was eradicated later
by efforts organized by D.A. Henderson: ANS: B
a. Cholera An epidemic is the occurrence of health-related events in a community or region, in clear
b. Smallpox excess of normal expectation. Endemic is not true because it is defined as the constant
c. Chickenpox occurrence of a disease, disorder, or noxious infectious agent in a geographic area or
d. Polio population group. Pandemic is not true because it is defined as an epidemic occurring over a
e. Zika very wide area, crossing international boundaries, and usually affecting a large number of
Copyright © 2020 by Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.
,Test Bank 1-3 Test Bank 1-4
people. Attack rate is not true because it is defined as number of people at risk in whom a from the luncheon at the conference on April 1, 2018. After an initial outbreak of food
certain illness develops over total number of people at risk. Incubation period is not true poisoning is reported, an epidemiologist sends surveys to all people at risk to investigate the
because it is the interval from receipt of infection to the time of onset of clinical illness (the cause. However, only 900 people among those at risk answer the survey. After analysis of
onset of recognizable symptoms). 900 survey results, the epidemiologist concludes that the most suspected foods in the
outbreak are pepperoni pizza and meatball spaghetti. What is the overall attack rate for those
2. What is the most accurate definition of the incubation period (of an infectious disease)? who ate meatball spaghetti? Use the following table to answer the question.
Summary of Survey Responses
a. The time of onset of clinical illness or the onset of recognizable symptoms
Number of people who Number of people who ate the
b. The interval from receipt of infection to the time of onset of clinical illness (the onset of
developed the case definition food
recognizable symptoms)
symptoms
c. The time of invasion by an infectious agent
d. The time between initiation of infection and first shedding or excretion of the agent Pepperoni pizza only 113 275
e. The period between exposure and the onset of infectiousness
Meatball spaghetti only 62 375
ANS: B
Both pepperoni pizza and 57 150
The incubation period is defined as the interval from receipt of infection to the time of onset meatball spaghetti
of clinical illness (the onset of recognizable symptoms); in other words, the time between the
moment of developing symptoms and the moment of invasion by an infectious agent. “The Neither of pepperoni pizza or 10 100
time of onset of clinical illness or the onset of recognizable symptoms” is not true as it meatball spaghetti
corresponds to “time of onset.” “The time of invasion by an infectious agent” is not true as it
corresponds to “time of infection.” “The time between initiation of infection and first a. 41%
shedding or excretion of the agent” and “The period between exposure and the onset of b. 38%
infectiousness” are not true as they correspond to the latent period. (The latent period is c. 27%
focusing on the onset of infectiousness, but the incubation period is focusing on the onset of d. 40%
the symptom.) e. 23%
3. There was a food poisoning outbreak on April 1, 2018, at the City Z Food Safety ANS: E
Conference. There were 1,000 people registered for the conference with luncheon, 100
volunteers to host attendees, and 50 people who served the luncheon during the conference. To calculate the food-specific attack rate, we need to define how many people are exposed to
Except for 50 people who served the food, all of the participants and volunteers ate the food the specific food and how many people develop the symptoms in the case definition. In this
from the luncheon at the conference on April 1, 2018. Based only on the information given in question, we are asking about “overall” attack rate in those people who ate meatball
this question, how many people are at risk in this food poisoning outbreak? spaghetti, so we have to add “meatball spaghetti only” and “both pepperoni pizza and
meatball spaghetti” to get the overall rate. Which is 525 (375 plus 150), who are at risk of
a. 1,000 exposure, and 119 (62 plus 57), who developed the symptoms, corresponding to 23% of
b. 1,100 attack rate.
c. 1,150
d. 150 5. There was a food poisoning outbreak on April 1, 2018, at the City Z Food Safety
e. 50 Conference. There were 1,000 people registered for the conference with luncheon, 100
volunteers to host attendees, and 50 people who served the luncheon during the conference.
ANS: B Except for 50 people who served the food, all of the participants and volunteers ate the food
from the luncheon at the conference on April 1, 2018. After an initial outbreak of food
People at risk in this outbreak are people who were exposed to the food at the conference. poisoning is reported, an epidemiologist sends surveys to all people at risk to investigate the
Even though 1,150 people were at the conference, 50 people who served the food did not eat cause. However, only 900 people among those at risk answer the survey. After analysis of
the food. Therefore we have to exclude those 50 people. 900 survey results, the epidemiologist concludes that the most suspected foods in the
outbreak are pepperoni pizza and meatball spaghetti. What is the most suspected food for
4. There was a food poisoning outbreak on April 1, 2018, at the City Z Food Safety food poisoning after cross-tabulation? Use the following table to answer the question.
Conference. There were 1,000 people registered for the conference with luncheon, 100 Summary of Survey Responses
volunteers to host attendees, and 50 people who served the luncheon during the conference.
Number of people who Number of people who ate the
Except for 50 people who served the food, all of the participants and volunteers ate the food
Copyright © 2020 by Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved. Copyright © 2020 by Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.
,Test Bank 1-5 Test Bank 1-6
e. vector.
developed the case definition food
symptoms
ANS: E
Pepperoni pizza only 113 275
Diseases transmitted by mosquitos are called vector borne. Direct, single exposure, and
Meatball spaghetti only 62 375 multiple exposure represent other modes of transmission, and mosquitosis does not exist.
Both pepperoni pizza and 57 150 8. An outbreak of measles occurred in City A. There were 1,000 confirmed cases among
meatball spaghetti children younger than 10 years old. Unfortunately, 50 children died of measles. Fifty
represent 5% of the total number of cases. What concept is being illustrated in this example?
Neither of pepperoni pizza or 10 100
meatball spaghetti a. Attack rate
b. Secondary attack rate
a. Pepperoni pizza only c. Case-fatality rate
b. Meatball spaghetti only d. Incubation period
c. Both pepperoni pizza and meatball spaghetti e. Subclinical disease
d. Neither pepperoni pizza nor meatball spaghetti
e. We cannot determine the cause of food based on this information ANS: C
ANS: A Case-fatality rate is defined as the proportion of people who die of a disease, among the total
number of cases of that disease. Attack rate and secondary attack rate refer to the proportion
Pepperoni pizza only attack rate is 41.09% (113 divided by 275), and meatball spaghetti only of people (at risk) who develop a disease among the total number of people who were at risk
is 16.53% (62 divided by 375). The attack rate of both pepperoni pizza and meatball spaghetti for the disease. Incubation period describes the period between the origin of disease and onset
is 38.00% (57 divided by 150). Some may choose both of them which are the most suspected of clinical symptoms. Subclinical disease describes a disease that does not manifest clinically.
food. If both the foods were the most suspected food, we should have a higher attack rate in
meatball spaghetti only group as well. 9. During the conquest of Mexico, outbreaks played an important role that favored the
Spaniards. There were several outbreaks of smallpox that killed thousands of natives.
6. What is the name of the occurrence of a clearly higher than expected number of cases of a Smallpox was introduced into America by the Europeans. Why were the natives particularly
disease within a limited geographical region? afflicted by smallpox outbreaks?
a. Pandemic a. Among natives, the proportion of susceptibles was higher.
b. Epidemic b. Among Spaniards, the proportion of immunes was extremely low.
c. Endemic c. Spaniards had the cure for smallpox.
d. Zoonosis d. Natives had a gene that made them more prone to die from smallpox.
e. Attack rate e. Spaniards were protected from smallpox because they had armors.
ANS: B ANS: A
The definition of epidemic is precisely the occurrence of a clearly higher than habitual Because natives were not introduced to the smallpox virus until after the Spaniards arrived,
number of cases of a disease within a certain geographic region. Pandemic refers to a all of them were susceptibles. In a population with a higher proportion of susceptibles,
worldwide epidemic. Endemic refers to the habitual occurrence. Zoonosis describes a disease outbreaks can initiate and spread easily. Spaniards had a better balance between susceptibles
that is transmitted from animals to humans. and immunes; therefore the likelihood of an outbreak happening among them was much
lower.
7. Malaria is a parasitic disease transmitted by the Anopheles mosquito bite. This mode of
transmission is called 10. The population of Oriol City in June 2018 was 612,437. According to the Oriol City’s
health department, there were 329 new cases of Raven’s disease during 2018. Counting those
a. direct. new cases, by December 31 it was estimated that there were 6580 persons with Raven’s
b. single exposure. disease in Oriol City. What was the incidence rate of Raven’s disease in 2018?
c. multiple exposure.
d. mosquitosis. a. 26 per 100,000 population
Copyright © 2020 by Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved. Copyright © 2020 by Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.
, Test Bank 1-7 Test Bank 1-8
b. 33 per 100,000 population ANS: C
c. 54 per 100,000 population
d. 1074 per 100,000 population Sentinel surveillance is a type of surveillance system. Instead of attempting to gather
e. 5000 per 100,000 population surveillance data from all health care providers, a sentinel surveillance system selects, either
randomly or intentionally, a small group of healthproviders from whom to gather data.
ANS: C “Active surveillance often gathers disease data from all potential reporting health care
providers” is not correct. Active surveillance stimulus to health care providers in the form of
The numerator to calculate the incidence rate is the total number of new cases (329), and the individual feedback or other incentives. In active surveillance, providers contacted on regular
denominator is the total number of people who were at risk of developing the condition (in basis to collect information. It is more resource intensive and mostly used for outbreak
this case we use the population at the middle of that period, 612,437). We express the investigations or pilot studies. “Passive surveillance provides stimulus to health care
incidence rate per 100,000 to avoid the decimals: 329/612,437 = 0.000537 100,000 = 53.7. providers in the form of individual feedback or other incentives” is not correct. Passive
surveillance gathers disease data from all potential reporting health care providers. It is the
11. The population of Oriol City in June 2018 was 612,437. According to the Oriol City’s most common type of surveillance. Providers are responsible for reporting. “Active
health department, there were 329 new cases of Raven’s disease during 2018. Counting those surveillance is continuous analysis, interpretation, and feedback of systematically collected
new cases, by December 31 it was estimated that there were 6580 persons with Raven’s data, generally using methods distinguished by their practicality, uniformity, and rapidity
disease in Oriol City. What was the prevalence of Raven’s disease in 2018? rather than by accuracy or completeness” is not correct. This is one of the general definitions
of surveillance. Surveillance is also defined a systematic and continuous collection, analysis,
a. 26 per 100,000 population and interpretation of data, closely integrated with the timely and coherent dissemination of
b. 33 per 100,000 population the results and assessment to those who have the right to know so that action can be taken.
c. 54 per 100,000 population “Passive surveillance is an observational investigation, usually descriptive, in which
d. 1074 per 100,000 population information is systematically collected” is not correct. A survey is an observational
e. 5000 per 100,000 population investigation, usually descriptive, in which information is systematically collected.
ANS: D 2. At an initial examination in Baltimore, Maryland, disease X was found in 10 of 1,000 men
aged 40 to 50 years and in 10 of 2,000 women aged 30 to 40 years. Which of the following
To calculate the prevalence of Raven’s disease, we use the total number of cases present at statement is the most accurate inference for the risk of developing disease X?
the end of the period (6580) divided by the total number of people in that city (612,437),
thus: 6580/612,437 = 0.01074 100,000 = 1074. a. Men have a 2 times greater risk of developing disease X than women.
Chapter 03: The Occurrence of Disease: I. Disease Surveillance and b. Women have a 2 times greater risk of developing disease X than men.
c. People aged between 40 and 50 years have a 2 times greater burden of developing disease
Measures of Morbidity
X than people aged between 30 and 40.
d. People aged between 30 and 40 years have a 2 times greater burden of developing disease
X than people aged between 40 and 50.
Test Bank
e. We cannot make any inference of risk of developing disease X.
MULTIPLE CHOICE
ANS: E
1. Which of the following statements is the most accurate definition?
The information provided in question is only prevalence of disease X at an initial
examination. Based on information from prevalence, we cannot make any inference for risk
a. Active surveillance often gathers disease data from all potential reporting health care
of developing disease X. We should have newly diagnosed cases in a certain amount of time
providers.
with population at risk for risk calculation and comparison. “Men have a 2 times greater risk
b. Passive surveillance provides stimulus to health care providers in the form of individual
of developing disease X than women,” “Women have a 2 times greater risk of developing
feedback or other incentives.
disease X than men,” “People aged between 40 and 50 years have a 2 times greater burden of
c. Sentinel surveillance is a type of surveillance based on selected population samples chosen
developing disease X than people aged between 30 and 40,” and “People aged between 30
to represent the relevant experience of particular groups.
and 40 years have a 2 times greater burden of developing disease X than people aged between
d. Active surveillance is continuous analysis, interpretation, and feedback of systematically
40 and 50” are not correct. Because we cannot perform a risk comparison based on disease
collected data, generally using methods distinguished by their practicality, uniformity, and
prevalence. The accurate statement on disease prevalence is “Men aged 40 to 50 years have 2
rapidity rather than by accuracy or completeness.
times of greater prevalence of disease X than women aged 30 to 40 years.”
e. Passive surveillance is an observational investigation, usually descriptive, in which
information is systematically collected.
Copyright © 2020 by Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved. Copyright © 2020 by Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.
