©JASONMcCONNELL 2024/2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 1/28/2025.
UNMC Patho Exam 2 Questions With
Correct Answers 100% Verified.
Function of the immune system - Answer✔1) to protect the body from invasion by foreign
antigens - foreign substances that trigger the immune response
2) to identify and destroy potentially harmful cells
3) to remove cellular debris
What accomplishes the functions of the immune system? - Answer✔lymphoid organs &
specifically designed lymphocytes through the process of antibody-mediated immune response
& cell-mediated immune response.
General types of immune alterations
- immune system acts inappropriately - Answer✔1) Exaggerated
2) Misdirected against host's own cells
3) Directed against beneficial foreign tissues
4) Deficiency / insufficient
What immune alterations are due to hypersensitivity reactions? - Answer✔1) Exaggerated
2) Misdirected against host's own cells
3) Directed against beneficial foreign tissues
Exaggerated - Answer✔overreaction against environmental antigens
Allergic reaction = small
Anaphylactic reaction = same as allergic reaction, but bigger
Misdirected against host's own cells - Answer✔autoimmunity = sees own cells as being foreign
& destroys them.
Directed against beneficial foreign tissues - Answer✔isoimmunity = body's immune reponse
against beneficial foreign tissue - i.e. organ transplants
1|Page
, ©JASONMcCONNELL 2024/2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 1/28/2025.
Hypersensitivity - Answer✔A pathologic immune response
An exaggerated AND inappropriate immune response
1) Exaggerated
2) Autoimmunity
3) Isoimmunity
Autoimmunity - Answer✔Breakdown of that "code of recognition"
Body's immune system begins to recognize self as foreign
Autoimmunity
Etiology - Answer✔Related To:
Genetics
Exposure to antigens - thought to alter membranes and the expression of self-DNA, and induce
this autoimmunity
Isoimmunity - Answer✔Body's immune system reacts against tissues of usually other members
of the same species
i.e. organ transplant
Types of Hypersensitivity - Answer✔1) Type I - Allergy/Anaphylaxis
2) Type II - Tissue-specific reaction
3) Type III - Immune-complex mediated reactions
4) Type IV - Cell-mediated reactions
Hypersensitivity Type I - Answer✔Allergy / Anaphylaxis
IgE-mediated allergic reactions
Hypersensitivity Type II - Answer✔Tissue specific reaction
Blood Transfusion reaction
Hypersensitivity Type III - Answer✔Immune-complex mediated reactions
Antigen-Antibody complexes form & deposit in tissues
i.e. Lupus
Hypersensitivity Type IV - Answer✔Cell-mediated reactions
2|Page
, ©JASONMcCONNELL 2024/2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 1/28/2025.
Involve T cells, macrophages
i.e. Rheumatoid Arthritis
Allergy / Anaphylaxis - Answer✔A rapid, immediate hypersensitivity reactions upon re-exposure
to an antigen
*** No reaction with initial exposure
Allergy / Anaphylaxis
Pathophysiology - Answer✔Primary Exposure:
1) B cells comes in contact with Allergen
2) IgE produced
3) IgE sits on receptor of Mast Cell
Secondary Exposure - when exposed to allergen again:
1) Mast cell degranulation
2) Release of histamine & leukotrienes
Allergy / Anaphylaxis
Manifestations - Answer✔Related to Release of histamine & leukotrienes:
Localized: local inflammation
Systemic - related to where histamine receptors are located:
* Bronchial constriction & laryngeal edema
* Skin - itching/pruritis & redness/erythema
* GI - abdominal cramping, vomiting, diarrhea
* Mucus membranes - increased secretions - nasal, eyes water
* Vasculature - increased vascular permeability & vasodilation ***Anaphylactic Shock = Life
threatening, dropped BP, not perfusing
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus - SLE
aka Lupus - Answer✔chronic, autoimmune, multi-system inflammatory disease
Lupus
Incidence - Answer✔One of the most common
3|Page
, ©JASONMcCONNELL 2024/2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 1/28/2025.
Increased frequency in females
Onset age 20-40
Genetic predisposition
What level(s) of hypersensitivity is Lupus? - Answer✔Level III - mostly
Antigen-Antibody complexes form & deposit in vessel walls
Body sees self as foreign
5 components of Lupus
* happen at same time - Answer✔1) B cells produce IgG -> attack what thinks is DNA
2) T helper cells further stimulate B cell production of IgG
3) Macrophages recruited to further attack what is considered foreign DNA
4) IgG attacks RBC because thinks those are foreign too (in addition to DNA)
5) T-suppressor cells are NOT effective to slow down immune response appropriately
Lupus
Manifestations
Signs & Symptoms - Answer✔Exacerbations & Remissions
Related to the 5 components:
1) Arthritis of peripheral joints - most common
2) Vasculitis - skin rash & photosensitivity - sensitive to UV light as triggering agent = triggers
exacerbation of Lupus
3) Renal disease - due to damage to vascular walls over time & due to destruction of RBC
4) Anemia - due to destruction of RBC
5) CardioVascular disease - pericarditis
* over time, problems with perfusion and damage to vessels
Rheumatoid Arthritis - Answer✔Autoimmune, inflammatory joint disorder characterized by
destruction of the synovial membrane of the joint
What level(s) of hypersensitivity is Rheumatoid Arthritis? - Answer✔Type III & Type IV
* Type III - Antigen-Antibody complexes
4|Page
UNMC Patho Exam 2 Questions With
Correct Answers 100% Verified.
Function of the immune system - Answer✔1) to protect the body from invasion by foreign
antigens - foreign substances that trigger the immune response
2) to identify and destroy potentially harmful cells
3) to remove cellular debris
What accomplishes the functions of the immune system? - Answer✔lymphoid organs &
specifically designed lymphocytes through the process of antibody-mediated immune response
& cell-mediated immune response.
General types of immune alterations
- immune system acts inappropriately - Answer✔1) Exaggerated
2) Misdirected against host's own cells
3) Directed against beneficial foreign tissues
4) Deficiency / insufficient
What immune alterations are due to hypersensitivity reactions? - Answer✔1) Exaggerated
2) Misdirected against host's own cells
3) Directed against beneficial foreign tissues
Exaggerated - Answer✔overreaction against environmental antigens
Allergic reaction = small
Anaphylactic reaction = same as allergic reaction, but bigger
Misdirected against host's own cells - Answer✔autoimmunity = sees own cells as being foreign
& destroys them.
Directed against beneficial foreign tissues - Answer✔isoimmunity = body's immune reponse
against beneficial foreign tissue - i.e. organ transplants
1|Page
, ©JASONMcCONNELL 2024/2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 1/28/2025.
Hypersensitivity - Answer✔A pathologic immune response
An exaggerated AND inappropriate immune response
1) Exaggerated
2) Autoimmunity
3) Isoimmunity
Autoimmunity - Answer✔Breakdown of that "code of recognition"
Body's immune system begins to recognize self as foreign
Autoimmunity
Etiology - Answer✔Related To:
Genetics
Exposure to antigens - thought to alter membranes and the expression of self-DNA, and induce
this autoimmunity
Isoimmunity - Answer✔Body's immune system reacts against tissues of usually other members
of the same species
i.e. organ transplant
Types of Hypersensitivity - Answer✔1) Type I - Allergy/Anaphylaxis
2) Type II - Tissue-specific reaction
3) Type III - Immune-complex mediated reactions
4) Type IV - Cell-mediated reactions
Hypersensitivity Type I - Answer✔Allergy / Anaphylaxis
IgE-mediated allergic reactions
Hypersensitivity Type II - Answer✔Tissue specific reaction
Blood Transfusion reaction
Hypersensitivity Type III - Answer✔Immune-complex mediated reactions
Antigen-Antibody complexes form & deposit in tissues
i.e. Lupus
Hypersensitivity Type IV - Answer✔Cell-mediated reactions
2|Page
, ©JASONMcCONNELL 2024/2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 1/28/2025.
Involve T cells, macrophages
i.e. Rheumatoid Arthritis
Allergy / Anaphylaxis - Answer✔A rapid, immediate hypersensitivity reactions upon re-exposure
to an antigen
*** No reaction with initial exposure
Allergy / Anaphylaxis
Pathophysiology - Answer✔Primary Exposure:
1) B cells comes in contact with Allergen
2) IgE produced
3) IgE sits on receptor of Mast Cell
Secondary Exposure - when exposed to allergen again:
1) Mast cell degranulation
2) Release of histamine & leukotrienes
Allergy / Anaphylaxis
Manifestations - Answer✔Related to Release of histamine & leukotrienes:
Localized: local inflammation
Systemic - related to where histamine receptors are located:
* Bronchial constriction & laryngeal edema
* Skin - itching/pruritis & redness/erythema
* GI - abdominal cramping, vomiting, diarrhea
* Mucus membranes - increased secretions - nasal, eyes water
* Vasculature - increased vascular permeability & vasodilation ***Anaphylactic Shock = Life
threatening, dropped BP, not perfusing
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus - SLE
aka Lupus - Answer✔chronic, autoimmune, multi-system inflammatory disease
Lupus
Incidence - Answer✔One of the most common
3|Page
, ©JASONMcCONNELL 2024/2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 1/28/2025.
Increased frequency in females
Onset age 20-40
Genetic predisposition
What level(s) of hypersensitivity is Lupus? - Answer✔Level III - mostly
Antigen-Antibody complexes form & deposit in vessel walls
Body sees self as foreign
5 components of Lupus
* happen at same time - Answer✔1) B cells produce IgG -> attack what thinks is DNA
2) T helper cells further stimulate B cell production of IgG
3) Macrophages recruited to further attack what is considered foreign DNA
4) IgG attacks RBC because thinks those are foreign too (in addition to DNA)
5) T-suppressor cells are NOT effective to slow down immune response appropriately
Lupus
Manifestations
Signs & Symptoms - Answer✔Exacerbations & Remissions
Related to the 5 components:
1) Arthritis of peripheral joints - most common
2) Vasculitis - skin rash & photosensitivity - sensitive to UV light as triggering agent = triggers
exacerbation of Lupus
3) Renal disease - due to damage to vascular walls over time & due to destruction of RBC
4) Anemia - due to destruction of RBC
5) CardioVascular disease - pericarditis
* over time, problems with perfusion and damage to vessels
Rheumatoid Arthritis - Answer✔Autoimmune, inflammatory joint disorder characterized by
destruction of the synovial membrane of the joint
What level(s) of hypersensitivity is Rheumatoid Arthritis? - Answer✔Type III & Type IV
* Type III - Antigen-Antibody complexes
4|Page
