Pharmacology test 1 WCU Questions and Answers
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Contraindication - ✔✔ANSW✔✔..situation(s) when a drug should NOT be used (ex.
drug-drug interactions, pregnancy, etc.)
adverse effects - ✔✔ANSW✔✔..harmful effects
Pharmacodynamics - ✔✔ANSW✔✔..actions/effects a drug has on the body and the
mechanisms of these actions
~What a drug does and how it does it~
How do drugs work? - ✔✔ANSW✔✔..Drugs 'work' by inhibiting enzymes, binding to
proteins, or by binding to receptors
Receptors? - ✔✔ANSW✔✔..proteins that are located on the outer cell membrane or
within the cell itself (intracellular)
-selective for a drug (like lock and key)
2 types of drug receptors - ✔✔ANSW✔✔..agonists and antagonist
Agonists - ✔✔ANSW✔✔..drugs that bind to specific receptors and produce an
effect/action (cellular/physiological response)
Absorption - ✔✔ANSW✔✔..-Passage of a drug from the site of administration into the
bloodstream (systemic circulation)
-To do so, need to cross cell membranes of GI tract, blood vessels, etc. (except IV
admin.)
rate and efficiency of absorption depends on: - ✔✔ANSW✔✔..Route of admin. (surface
area, blood flow, etc.),
The presence of food or other drugs
Size & form of the drug
Chemical property of the drug (lipid solubility, ionization)
Factors affecting absorption: lipid solubility - ✔✔ANSW✔✔..more lipid soluble a drug is,
the more readily it will diffuse across the cell membrane (bc the membrane is lipid too)
Factors affecting absorption: Ionization - ✔✔ANSW✔✔..do not cross cell membrane
very readily
, Drugs that are acidic (ex. aspirin) are not ionized when in an acidic fluid (ex. stomach
acid).... this is - ✔✔ANSW✔✔..favored drug absorption
*opposite for bases
Drugs that are acidic are ionized when in an alkaline fluid (ex. the lower GI tract).... this
is - ✔✔ANSW✔✔..NOT favored drug absorption
*opposite for bases
Drugs are usually excreted (by kidneys) in an _____________ - ✔✔ANSW✔✔..ionized
form
in order to increase drug excretion, the pH of the urine can be altered (to prevent
absorption)
~f it is an acidic drug ___________________ - ✔✔ANSW✔✔..alkalinize the urine
in order to increase drug excretion, the pH of the urine can be altered (to prevent
absorption)
~f it is a basic drug ___________________ - ✔✔ANSW✔✔..acidify the urine
bioavailability - ✔✔ANSW✔✔..the amount of drug administered that is actually
absorbed into the bloodstream
what happens after oral administration? - ✔✔ANSW✔✔..the drug is absorbed across
the GI tract (small intestine) into the hepatic-portal circulation
During this 'first pass' through the liver, if the drug is significantly metabolized, then the
amount of 'unchanged' drug that enters the systemic circulation is _________________
- ✔✔ANSW✔✔..decreased
distribution is affected by: - ✔✔ANSW✔✔..-plasma protein binding
-blood flow
-presence of tissue barriers
Plasma protein binding - ✔✔ANSW✔✔..-Some drugs bind to plasma proteins (albumin),
others remain unbound
-Only unbound exert a pharmacological effect
-Drugs can compete for plasma protein binding sites
antagonists - ✔✔ANSW✔✔..inhibit agonist drug action or cellular functions
efficacy - ✔✔ANSW✔✔..the "effectiveness" of a drug
Potency - ✔✔ANSW✔✔..a measure of the amount/concentration of a drug required to
produce an effect
Best rated A+ Guaranteed Success Latest Update
Contraindication - ✔✔ANSW✔✔..situation(s) when a drug should NOT be used (ex.
drug-drug interactions, pregnancy, etc.)
adverse effects - ✔✔ANSW✔✔..harmful effects
Pharmacodynamics - ✔✔ANSW✔✔..actions/effects a drug has on the body and the
mechanisms of these actions
~What a drug does and how it does it~
How do drugs work? - ✔✔ANSW✔✔..Drugs 'work' by inhibiting enzymes, binding to
proteins, or by binding to receptors
Receptors? - ✔✔ANSW✔✔..proteins that are located on the outer cell membrane or
within the cell itself (intracellular)
-selective for a drug (like lock and key)
2 types of drug receptors - ✔✔ANSW✔✔..agonists and antagonist
Agonists - ✔✔ANSW✔✔..drugs that bind to specific receptors and produce an
effect/action (cellular/physiological response)
Absorption - ✔✔ANSW✔✔..-Passage of a drug from the site of administration into the
bloodstream (systemic circulation)
-To do so, need to cross cell membranes of GI tract, blood vessels, etc. (except IV
admin.)
rate and efficiency of absorption depends on: - ✔✔ANSW✔✔..Route of admin. (surface
area, blood flow, etc.),
The presence of food or other drugs
Size & form of the drug
Chemical property of the drug (lipid solubility, ionization)
Factors affecting absorption: lipid solubility - ✔✔ANSW✔✔..more lipid soluble a drug is,
the more readily it will diffuse across the cell membrane (bc the membrane is lipid too)
Factors affecting absorption: Ionization - ✔✔ANSW✔✔..do not cross cell membrane
very readily
, Drugs that are acidic (ex. aspirin) are not ionized when in an acidic fluid (ex. stomach
acid).... this is - ✔✔ANSW✔✔..favored drug absorption
*opposite for bases
Drugs that are acidic are ionized when in an alkaline fluid (ex. the lower GI tract).... this
is - ✔✔ANSW✔✔..NOT favored drug absorption
*opposite for bases
Drugs are usually excreted (by kidneys) in an _____________ - ✔✔ANSW✔✔..ionized
form
in order to increase drug excretion, the pH of the urine can be altered (to prevent
absorption)
~f it is an acidic drug ___________________ - ✔✔ANSW✔✔..alkalinize the urine
in order to increase drug excretion, the pH of the urine can be altered (to prevent
absorption)
~f it is a basic drug ___________________ - ✔✔ANSW✔✔..acidify the urine
bioavailability - ✔✔ANSW✔✔..the amount of drug administered that is actually
absorbed into the bloodstream
what happens after oral administration? - ✔✔ANSW✔✔..the drug is absorbed across
the GI tract (small intestine) into the hepatic-portal circulation
During this 'first pass' through the liver, if the drug is significantly metabolized, then the
amount of 'unchanged' drug that enters the systemic circulation is _________________
- ✔✔ANSW✔✔..decreased
distribution is affected by: - ✔✔ANSW✔✔..-plasma protein binding
-blood flow
-presence of tissue barriers
Plasma protein binding - ✔✔ANSW✔✔..-Some drugs bind to plasma proteins (albumin),
others remain unbound
-Only unbound exert a pharmacological effect
-Drugs can compete for plasma protein binding sites
antagonists - ✔✔ANSW✔✔..inhibit agonist drug action or cellular functions
efficacy - ✔✔ANSW✔✔..the "effectiveness" of a drug
Potency - ✔✔ANSW✔✔..a measure of the amount/concentration of a drug required to
produce an effect
