NS 119 MIDTERM 1 EXAM QUESTIONS &
ANSWERS VERIFIED 100% CORRECT
wallerian degeneration
degeneration of axon distal to injury via swelling and neurofilament hypertrophy
proximal regeneration
limited to myelinated axons in PNS
temporal summation
sum of successive impulses from the same neuron at same time
spacial summation
impulses from multiple neurons at the same time
upper motor neurons
contained entirely in CNS to control fine motor movement
lower motor neurons
axons leave CNS and extend through PNS to innervate muscles
subgleal space
space where blood can go to reduce ICP
How much cardiac output does the brain receive?
20% via carotid and vertebral arteries
circle of willis
alternate routes if arteries are obstructed
why do we turn the head of an injured patient?
so their venous system doesn't get occluded
when does arterial supply and venous drainage parallel?
don't parallel in brain but do in spinal cord because we don't want excess fluid
endogenous opioids
,family of morphine-like neuropeptides that bind to opioid receptors to inhibit pain
supratentorial
alteration in arousal; above tentorium cerebelli; diffuse dysfunction but compatible with
life
infratentorial
alteration in arousal; below tentorium cerebelli; destruction of brainstem and RAS; not
compatible with life
alteration in arousal: metabolic changes
usually seen in hypoxia and hypoglycemia
brain death
brain cannot maintain internal homeostasis; requires flat EEG, completion of all
therapeutics, no spontaneous respirations, unresponsive coma
cerebral death
death of the cerebral hemispheres exclusive of the brain stem and cerebellum which
continues to maintain internal homeostasis; irreversible coma, no behavioral response
retrograde amnesia
can't recall personal and factual memories
anterograde amnesia
can't form new personal or factual memories
global amnesia
retrograde + anterograde amnesia
agnosia
can't recognize visual, auditory, or tactile patterns
expressive aphasia
can't produce language
receptive aphasia
can't comprehend language, but fluent nonsensical speech
, transcortical aphasia
rare; can be sensory, motor or mixed
global aphasia
expressive and receptive aphasia; individuals are mute
hyperactive delirium
aggressiveness, high pain tolerance, rapid breathing and can lead to sudden death
hypoactive delirium
usually on CNS depressants, decrease in alertness, awareness
vascular dementia
can be caused by large artery disease, cardioembolism, small vessel disease, stroke
frontotemporal dementia
rare; degeneration of frontal and temporal lobes caused by genetic mutation
convulsion
tonic clonic seizures
how are seizures classified?
clinical manifestation, EEG, site of origin, and response to therapies
focal seizures
originates in one part of brain
generalized seizures
affects both sides of brain
phases of a seizure
preictal (prodromal, aura), ictal phase, postictal
stage 1 of ICP
compensation; attempt to vasoconstrict; no symptoms
stage 2 of ICP
ANSWERS VERIFIED 100% CORRECT
wallerian degeneration
degeneration of axon distal to injury via swelling and neurofilament hypertrophy
proximal regeneration
limited to myelinated axons in PNS
temporal summation
sum of successive impulses from the same neuron at same time
spacial summation
impulses from multiple neurons at the same time
upper motor neurons
contained entirely in CNS to control fine motor movement
lower motor neurons
axons leave CNS and extend through PNS to innervate muscles
subgleal space
space where blood can go to reduce ICP
How much cardiac output does the brain receive?
20% via carotid and vertebral arteries
circle of willis
alternate routes if arteries are obstructed
why do we turn the head of an injured patient?
so their venous system doesn't get occluded
when does arterial supply and venous drainage parallel?
don't parallel in brain but do in spinal cord because we don't want excess fluid
endogenous opioids
,family of morphine-like neuropeptides that bind to opioid receptors to inhibit pain
supratentorial
alteration in arousal; above tentorium cerebelli; diffuse dysfunction but compatible with
life
infratentorial
alteration in arousal; below tentorium cerebelli; destruction of brainstem and RAS; not
compatible with life
alteration in arousal: metabolic changes
usually seen in hypoxia and hypoglycemia
brain death
brain cannot maintain internal homeostasis; requires flat EEG, completion of all
therapeutics, no spontaneous respirations, unresponsive coma
cerebral death
death of the cerebral hemispheres exclusive of the brain stem and cerebellum which
continues to maintain internal homeostasis; irreversible coma, no behavioral response
retrograde amnesia
can't recall personal and factual memories
anterograde amnesia
can't form new personal or factual memories
global amnesia
retrograde + anterograde amnesia
agnosia
can't recognize visual, auditory, or tactile patterns
expressive aphasia
can't produce language
receptive aphasia
can't comprehend language, but fluent nonsensical speech
, transcortical aphasia
rare; can be sensory, motor or mixed
global aphasia
expressive and receptive aphasia; individuals are mute
hyperactive delirium
aggressiveness, high pain tolerance, rapid breathing and can lead to sudden death
hypoactive delirium
usually on CNS depressants, decrease in alertness, awareness
vascular dementia
can be caused by large artery disease, cardioembolism, small vessel disease, stroke
frontotemporal dementia
rare; degeneration of frontal and temporal lobes caused by genetic mutation
convulsion
tonic clonic seizures
how are seizures classified?
clinical manifestation, EEG, site of origin, and response to therapies
focal seizures
originates in one part of brain
generalized seizures
affects both sides of brain
phases of a seizure
preictal (prodromal, aura), ictal phase, postictal
stage 1 of ICP
compensation; attempt to vasoconstrict; no symptoms
stage 2 of ICP
