ELO exam Study Material with Complete
Solutions
Turing Test - ANSWER One method of determining the strength of artificial intelligence,
in which a human tries to decide if the intelligence at the other end of a text chat is
human.
Searle's Chinese Room - ANSWER An argument against Artificial Intelligence involving a
room, pieces of paper with questions in Chinese, and a Chinese lexicon containing all
possible answers in Chinese.
diversity compliance trade off - ANSWER Vad man vet vs. göra något nytt*
Almost all notions of intelligence introduce a trade - off between doing what you know
and doing something new. This tradeoff has many names, and we will run into several of
them during this course.
The underlying common theme involves "coming up with something new" and "ability
to adapt oneself adequately to new situations in life" [Pinter]. The key point is
generating diversity while complying with the givens. We call this the diversity
compliance trade-off
agent - ANSWER Inom artificiell intelligens är en intelligent agent en självständig enhet
som observerar genom sensorer och verkar på en miljö med hjälp av aktuatorer och
riktar dess aktivitet mot att uppnå mål. Intelligenta agenter kan också lära eller använda
kunskap för att uppnå sina mål.
sensorer - ANSWER Möjjliggör perception av omvärlden". Sensors include camera, IR,
sonar, ultrasound, radar and lidar. A combination of various sensors allows an AI robot
to determine size, identify an object and determine its distance.
,Actuators - ANSWER Actuators are something that control or move things around in a
system (effectors move things around in the environment). Acturaters möjliggör alltså
att agenten kan använda sin effektor, ex. armen till gripklon
percept - ANSWER "Exakt vad ser agenten med sin sensor i den stunden". Percept refers
to the agent's perceptual inputs at a given time instant; Ideally, an intelligent agent´s
actions depend on what it has perceived.
Percept Sequence - ANSWER "Allt som vår agenten någonsin har percepterat i hela sin
livstid"If we know which action the agent will take for any possible percept sequence,
we know everything about the agent.
agent function - ANSWER : "Agent function tillåter oss att räkna ut hur agenten kommer
att agera, utifrån vår percept sequence". We can describe the agent with an agent
function. An agent function is a map from the percept sequence(history of all that an
agent has perceived till date) to an action
u = f(y)[action equals percepts sequence]
agent program - ANSWER säger till agenten att faktiskt göra vad funktionen säger
rational agent - ANSWER Doing the right things.
A rational agent knows what the right action at the right time is, the agent checks if it
changes the environment in the way that it want it to change.
A rational agent could be anything which makes decisions, as a person, firm, machine, or
software. It carries out an action with the best outcome after considering past and
current percepts (agent's perceptual inputs at a given instance). An AI system is
composed of an agent and its environment.
rationality of agents depends on.... - ANSWER 1. Possible actions
,2. Performance measure
3. Percept sequence = past + current percepts
4. Built-in knowledge (knowledge base, describing a situation in which the world is in.)
Performance Measures - ANSWER "The performance measure of a rational agent that
defines the criterion of success ." (Hur bra en robot är på att utföra det den ska göra.)
When a rational agent is plunked down in an environment, it generates a sequence of
actions according to the percepts it receives. This sequence of actions causes the
environment to go through a sequence of states. If the sequence is desirable, then the
agent has performed well. This notion of desirability is captured by a performance
measure that evaluates any given sequence of environment states.
A performance measure evaluates any given sequence of environment states. A
performance measure is a choice by the designer! A rational agent is an agent that, for
each possible perceptselects an action that is expected to maximize its performance
measure.
partly vs fullt observable - ANSWER 1. Partly vs. fully observable:
● A task environment is fully observable if the agents' sensors detect all aspects that are
relevant to the choice of action. E.g. A thermostat has one task and does always observe
the temperature in the room. - "Ser allt relevant i vilken given stund som helst".
● Otherwise, it is partially observable. Eg. An autonomous vehicle (cannot see objects
behind a corner). - "Ser inte allt relevant jämt".
● If there are no sensors, the task environment is unobservable
Static vs. Dynamic - ANSWER 1. Static vs. dynamic
● If the environment can change while the agent is deliberating (deciding on an action),
it is dynamic. Eg. Bomb example and a cooking robot, where the food can burn while
, deciding whether to switch off the heat or not.- "Om the environment är föränderlig
under tiden roboten tar beslut om nästa action"
● If the world does not change, but the outcome does, the environment is semi
dynamic. Eg. When the performance measure depends on the time it takes to complete
an action.
● If the agent can percept and produce a response without considering the time it takes
to produce that response, the environment is static, and will not change. Eg. A sudoku
solving agent."The environment är tidsoberoende"
episodic vs sequential - ANSWER ● An episodic task environment is a series of
independent tasks. What happens in an episode does not affect the next ones. In each
episode, the agent receives a percept and performs an action in response. Each episode
could be discrete or continuous. Eg. An agent that looks at X-rays to detect possible
sickness. One image has nothing to do with the next. "Agentens handlingar är
oberoende av varandra"
● In a sequential environment, a decision can affect future decisions (Domino effect).
The agent may still ignore previous states in its decision (reactive agent). Can be both
continuous (driving) and discrete time (chess)"Agentens handlingar påverkar varandra,
en sak leder till en annan."
Therefore: Episodic environments are much simpler than sequential environments
because the agent does not need to think ahead.
Discrete vs. Continuous - ANSWER ● Discrete environments have a limited [although
arbitrarily large] set of possibilities/moves that can drive the final outcome of the task.
E.g. A sudoku grid has a limited number of possible states; and a game of chess. "Finns
ett begränsat antal möjliga handlingar, begränsad environment"
● Continuous environments cannot be divided into separate states. The environment
may change continuously (weather conditions),the agent may be receiving percepts
continuously (infrared sensor) and/or acting in a continuous manner. E.g Taxi driving.
There could be a route from to anywhere to anywhere else. Self Driving cars operate in
a continuous AI environment, continuous updates are therefore required. "Finns
oändligt många handlingar, då the environment ständigt är föränderlig"
Solutions
Turing Test - ANSWER One method of determining the strength of artificial intelligence,
in which a human tries to decide if the intelligence at the other end of a text chat is
human.
Searle's Chinese Room - ANSWER An argument against Artificial Intelligence involving a
room, pieces of paper with questions in Chinese, and a Chinese lexicon containing all
possible answers in Chinese.
diversity compliance trade off - ANSWER Vad man vet vs. göra något nytt*
Almost all notions of intelligence introduce a trade - off between doing what you know
and doing something new. This tradeoff has many names, and we will run into several of
them during this course.
The underlying common theme involves "coming up with something new" and "ability
to adapt oneself adequately to new situations in life" [Pinter]. The key point is
generating diversity while complying with the givens. We call this the diversity
compliance trade-off
agent - ANSWER Inom artificiell intelligens är en intelligent agent en självständig enhet
som observerar genom sensorer och verkar på en miljö med hjälp av aktuatorer och
riktar dess aktivitet mot att uppnå mål. Intelligenta agenter kan också lära eller använda
kunskap för att uppnå sina mål.
sensorer - ANSWER Möjjliggör perception av omvärlden". Sensors include camera, IR,
sonar, ultrasound, radar and lidar. A combination of various sensors allows an AI robot
to determine size, identify an object and determine its distance.
,Actuators - ANSWER Actuators are something that control or move things around in a
system (effectors move things around in the environment). Acturaters möjliggör alltså
att agenten kan använda sin effektor, ex. armen till gripklon
percept - ANSWER "Exakt vad ser agenten med sin sensor i den stunden". Percept refers
to the agent's perceptual inputs at a given time instant; Ideally, an intelligent agent´s
actions depend on what it has perceived.
Percept Sequence - ANSWER "Allt som vår agenten någonsin har percepterat i hela sin
livstid"If we know which action the agent will take for any possible percept sequence,
we know everything about the agent.
agent function - ANSWER : "Agent function tillåter oss att räkna ut hur agenten kommer
att agera, utifrån vår percept sequence". We can describe the agent with an agent
function. An agent function is a map from the percept sequence(history of all that an
agent has perceived till date) to an action
u = f(y)[action equals percepts sequence]
agent program - ANSWER säger till agenten att faktiskt göra vad funktionen säger
rational agent - ANSWER Doing the right things.
A rational agent knows what the right action at the right time is, the agent checks if it
changes the environment in the way that it want it to change.
A rational agent could be anything which makes decisions, as a person, firm, machine, or
software. It carries out an action with the best outcome after considering past and
current percepts (agent's perceptual inputs at a given instance). An AI system is
composed of an agent and its environment.
rationality of agents depends on.... - ANSWER 1. Possible actions
,2. Performance measure
3. Percept sequence = past + current percepts
4. Built-in knowledge (knowledge base, describing a situation in which the world is in.)
Performance Measures - ANSWER "The performance measure of a rational agent that
defines the criterion of success ." (Hur bra en robot är på att utföra det den ska göra.)
When a rational agent is plunked down in an environment, it generates a sequence of
actions according to the percepts it receives. This sequence of actions causes the
environment to go through a sequence of states. If the sequence is desirable, then the
agent has performed well. This notion of desirability is captured by a performance
measure that evaluates any given sequence of environment states.
A performance measure evaluates any given sequence of environment states. A
performance measure is a choice by the designer! A rational agent is an agent that, for
each possible perceptselects an action that is expected to maximize its performance
measure.
partly vs fullt observable - ANSWER 1. Partly vs. fully observable:
● A task environment is fully observable if the agents' sensors detect all aspects that are
relevant to the choice of action. E.g. A thermostat has one task and does always observe
the temperature in the room. - "Ser allt relevant i vilken given stund som helst".
● Otherwise, it is partially observable. Eg. An autonomous vehicle (cannot see objects
behind a corner). - "Ser inte allt relevant jämt".
● If there are no sensors, the task environment is unobservable
Static vs. Dynamic - ANSWER 1. Static vs. dynamic
● If the environment can change while the agent is deliberating (deciding on an action),
it is dynamic. Eg. Bomb example and a cooking robot, where the food can burn while
, deciding whether to switch off the heat or not.- "Om the environment är föränderlig
under tiden roboten tar beslut om nästa action"
● If the world does not change, but the outcome does, the environment is semi
dynamic. Eg. When the performance measure depends on the time it takes to complete
an action.
● If the agent can percept and produce a response without considering the time it takes
to produce that response, the environment is static, and will not change. Eg. A sudoku
solving agent."The environment är tidsoberoende"
episodic vs sequential - ANSWER ● An episodic task environment is a series of
independent tasks. What happens in an episode does not affect the next ones. In each
episode, the agent receives a percept and performs an action in response. Each episode
could be discrete or continuous. Eg. An agent that looks at X-rays to detect possible
sickness. One image has nothing to do with the next. "Agentens handlingar är
oberoende av varandra"
● In a sequential environment, a decision can affect future decisions (Domino effect).
The agent may still ignore previous states in its decision (reactive agent). Can be both
continuous (driving) and discrete time (chess)"Agentens handlingar påverkar varandra,
en sak leder till en annan."
Therefore: Episodic environments are much simpler than sequential environments
because the agent does not need to think ahead.
Discrete vs. Continuous - ANSWER ● Discrete environments have a limited [although
arbitrarily large] set of possibilities/moves that can drive the final outcome of the task.
E.g. A sudoku grid has a limited number of possible states; and a game of chess. "Finns
ett begränsat antal möjliga handlingar, begränsad environment"
● Continuous environments cannot be divided into separate states. The environment
may change continuously (weather conditions),the agent may be receiving percepts
continuously (infrared sensor) and/or acting in a continuous manner. E.g Taxi driving.
There could be a route from to anywhere to anywhere else. Self Driving cars operate in
a continuous AI environment, continuous updates are therefore required. "Finns
oändligt många handlingar, då the environment ständigt är föränderlig"
