NSG223 EXAM 1 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS LATEST VERSION 2025 ALREADY PASSED
AST - Answers Male 20-40 u/L
Female 15-30 u/L
ALT - Answers Male 19-36 u/L
Female 24-36 u/L
ALBUMIN - Answers 3.4-4.8 g/dL
BILIRUBIN - Answers < 1.2 mg/dL
BUN - Answers 8-21 mg/dL
CREATININE - Answers Male 0.61-1.21 mg/dL
Female 0.51-1.11 mg/dL
SERUM DIGOXIN - Answers 0.5-2.0 ng/mL
SERUM CALCIUM - Answers 9-11 mg/dL
SERUM POTASSIUM - Answers 3.5-5.0 mEq/L
TOTAL CHOLESTEROL - Answers < 200 mg/dL
HDL - Answers > 60 mg/dL
LDL - Answers < 100 mg/dL
TRIGLYCERIDES - Answers < 150 mg/dL
aPTT (NORMAL) - Answers 25-30 seconds
aPTT (THERAPEUTIC) - Answers 60-80 seconds (1.5-2 x normal)
PT (NORMAL) - Answers 11-14 seconds
PT (THERAPEUTIC) - Answers 18-24 seconds (1.5-2 x normal)
INR (NORMAL) - Answers 0.9-1.2 seconds
INR (THERAPEUTIC) - Answers 2-3 seconds
WBC - Answers 4,500-11,100 cells/microL
(4.5-11.1 x 10^3)
,RBC - Answers Male 4.21-5.81 x 10^6 cells/microL
Female 3.61-5.11 x 10^6 cells/microL
HGB - Answers Male 14.0-17.3 g/dL
Female 11.7-15.5 g/dL
HCT - Answers Male 42-52%
Female 36-48%
PLT - Answers 150,000-400,000/microL
RIGHTS OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION - Answers Right patient, right medication, right dose, right route,
right time, right documentation, right education, right to refuse, right assessment, right evaluation.
DRUG PREGNANCY CATEGORIES - Answers A alright
B be careful
C controversial
D don't do it
X never
PHARMACOKINETICS - Answers *What the body does to the drug.*
Absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion.
LIVER FUNCTION TESTS (LFT's) - Answers AST/ALT/Bilirubin/Serum Albumin. Increased levels indicate
hepatic function issues which would effect metabolism of medications.
RENAL FUNCTION TESTS - Answers BUN/Creatinine. Increased levels indicate renal function issues which
would effect excretion of medications.
SERUM DRUG LEVELS - Answers Laboratory measurement of the amount of a drug in the blood at a
particular time used to effectively maintain therapeutic range.
PEAK PLASMA LEVEL - Answers Measurement of when the drug is at its highest concentration in the
body. Timing depends on medication peak time and route of administration.
TROUGH PLASMA LEVEL - Answers Measurement of when the drug is at its lowest concentration in the
body. Timing of test is usually right before administration of next dose.
HYPOCALCEMIA - Answers *Serum calcium < 9 mg/dL.* Symptoms include (CATS) convulsions,
arrhythmias, tetany, spasms/stridor.
, HYPERCALCEMIA - Answers *Serum calcium > 11 mg/dL.* Symptoms include increased bone pain,
anorexia, n/v/c, thirst, lethargy, fatigue.
DRUGS FOR CALCIUM IMBALANCES - Answers Calcium Supplements
Vitamin D Therapy
CALCIUM SALTS - Answers Calcium *supplement* used to treat osteoporosis and hypocalcemia.
*PO w/ meals and full glass of water.*
CALCITRIOL - Answers Active form of vitamin D that promotes intestinal absorption of calcium - not
effective without adequate calcium intake. *Excess vitamin D can cause calcium to leave bones and
enter the blood.*
OSTEOPOROSIS DRUGS - Answers Bisphosphonates
Calcitonins
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMS)
ALENDRONATE (FOSAMAX) - Answers Bisphosphonate used in the treatment of osteoporosis. Inhibits
osteoclast activity (decrease bone resorption). *Can cause esophageal irritation - administer on empty
stomach with full glass of water and remain upright at least 30 minutes.*
CALCITONIN (SALMON) - Answers *Nasal spray* used in the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis
to inhibit osteoclast activity (decrease bone resorption).
RALOXIFENE (EVISTA) - Answers SERM used in the treatment of osteoporosis. Blocks estrogen receptors
in breasts and uterus to increase estrogen in bone to slow bone loss. *Monitor for risk of PE and DVT.*
OSTEOARTHRITIS (OA) - Answers Progressive, degenerative joint disease with loss of articular cartilage
and hypertrophy of bone at articular surfaces. *Associated with "wear and tear."*
*TREATMENT:* acetaminophen first then progress to NSAIDs.
RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS (RA) - Answers Chronic, progressive disease caused by *autoimmune* and
inflammatory components and effects multiple joints.
*TREATMENT:* control inflammation and reduce pain starting with NSADs and progressing to
corticosteroids or DMARDs as necessary.
GOUT - Answers Acute arthritis related to a build up of *uric acid crystals* in the joint.
METHOTREXATE - Answers DMARD used in the treatment of RA. *CAUSES BONE MARROW
SUPPRESSION - monitor CBC and signs of infection.*
AST - Answers Male 20-40 u/L
Female 15-30 u/L
ALT - Answers Male 19-36 u/L
Female 24-36 u/L
ALBUMIN - Answers 3.4-4.8 g/dL
BILIRUBIN - Answers < 1.2 mg/dL
BUN - Answers 8-21 mg/dL
CREATININE - Answers Male 0.61-1.21 mg/dL
Female 0.51-1.11 mg/dL
SERUM DIGOXIN - Answers 0.5-2.0 ng/mL
SERUM CALCIUM - Answers 9-11 mg/dL
SERUM POTASSIUM - Answers 3.5-5.0 mEq/L
TOTAL CHOLESTEROL - Answers < 200 mg/dL
HDL - Answers > 60 mg/dL
LDL - Answers < 100 mg/dL
TRIGLYCERIDES - Answers < 150 mg/dL
aPTT (NORMAL) - Answers 25-30 seconds
aPTT (THERAPEUTIC) - Answers 60-80 seconds (1.5-2 x normal)
PT (NORMAL) - Answers 11-14 seconds
PT (THERAPEUTIC) - Answers 18-24 seconds (1.5-2 x normal)
INR (NORMAL) - Answers 0.9-1.2 seconds
INR (THERAPEUTIC) - Answers 2-3 seconds
WBC - Answers 4,500-11,100 cells/microL
(4.5-11.1 x 10^3)
,RBC - Answers Male 4.21-5.81 x 10^6 cells/microL
Female 3.61-5.11 x 10^6 cells/microL
HGB - Answers Male 14.0-17.3 g/dL
Female 11.7-15.5 g/dL
HCT - Answers Male 42-52%
Female 36-48%
PLT - Answers 150,000-400,000/microL
RIGHTS OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION - Answers Right patient, right medication, right dose, right route,
right time, right documentation, right education, right to refuse, right assessment, right evaluation.
DRUG PREGNANCY CATEGORIES - Answers A alright
B be careful
C controversial
D don't do it
X never
PHARMACOKINETICS - Answers *What the body does to the drug.*
Absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion.
LIVER FUNCTION TESTS (LFT's) - Answers AST/ALT/Bilirubin/Serum Albumin. Increased levels indicate
hepatic function issues which would effect metabolism of medications.
RENAL FUNCTION TESTS - Answers BUN/Creatinine. Increased levels indicate renal function issues which
would effect excretion of medications.
SERUM DRUG LEVELS - Answers Laboratory measurement of the amount of a drug in the blood at a
particular time used to effectively maintain therapeutic range.
PEAK PLASMA LEVEL - Answers Measurement of when the drug is at its highest concentration in the
body. Timing depends on medication peak time and route of administration.
TROUGH PLASMA LEVEL - Answers Measurement of when the drug is at its lowest concentration in the
body. Timing of test is usually right before administration of next dose.
HYPOCALCEMIA - Answers *Serum calcium < 9 mg/dL.* Symptoms include (CATS) convulsions,
arrhythmias, tetany, spasms/stridor.
, HYPERCALCEMIA - Answers *Serum calcium > 11 mg/dL.* Symptoms include increased bone pain,
anorexia, n/v/c, thirst, lethargy, fatigue.
DRUGS FOR CALCIUM IMBALANCES - Answers Calcium Supplements
Vitamin D Therapy
CALCIUM SALTS - Answers Calcium *supplement* used to treat osteoporosis and hypocalcemia.
*PO w/ meals and full glass of water.*
CALCITRIOL - Answers Active form of vitamin D that promotes intestinal absorption of calcium - not
effective without adequate calcium intake. *Excess vitamin D can cause calcium to leave bones and
enter the blood.*
OSTEOPOROSIS DRUGS - Answers Bisphosphonates
Calcitonins
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMS)
ALENDRONATE (FOSAMAX) - Answers Bisphosphonate used in the treatment of osteoporosis. Inhibits
osteoclast activity (decrease bone resorption). *Can cause esophageal irritation - administer on empty
stomach with full glass of water and remain upright at least 30 minutes.*
CALCITONIN (SALMON) - Answers *Nasal spray* used in the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis
to inhibit osteoclast activity (decrease bone resorption).
RALOXIFENE (EVISTA) - Answers SERM used in the treatment of osteoporosis. Blocks estrogen receptors
in breasts and uterus to increase estrogen in bone to slow bone loss. *Monitor for risk of PE and DVT.*
OSTEOARTHRITIS (OA) - Answers Progressive, degenerative joint disease with loss of articular cartilage
and hypertrophy of bone at articular surfaces. *Associated with "wear and tear."*
*TREATMENT:* acetaminophen first then progress to NSAIDs.
RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS (RA) - Answers Chronic, progressive disease caused by *autoimmune* and
inflammatory components and effects multiple joints.
*TREATMENT:* control inflammation and reduce pain starting with NSADs and progressing to
corticosteroids or DMARDs as necessary.
GOUT - Answers Acute arthritis related to a build up of *uric acid crystals* in the joint.
METHOTREXATE - Answers DMARD used in the treatment of RA. *CAUSES BONE MARROW
SUPPRESSION - monitor CBC and signs of infection.*
