WCU PHYS 261 Final
What is internal respiration? - ✔️✔️Gas exchange that occurs between the aleveoli and
RBCs, and between the RBCs and tissue
What is external respiration? - ✔️✔️air movement between the lungs and the
atmosphere
What is inhalation? - ✔️✔️when air moves from the atmosphere into the lungs
What is exhalation? - ✔️✔️when air moves from the lungs into the atmosphere
What are the 2 types of respiration? - ✔️✔️internal respiration and external respiration
In which direction does air flow due to pressure differences? - ✔️✔️from a high area to
a low area
What is Boyle's Law? - ✔️✔️that pressure and volume are inversely proportional
What is the atmospheric pressure at sea level? - ✔️✔️760 mmHg
What is intrapulmonary pressure? - ✔️✔️pressure inside the lungs
What is intrapulmonary volume? - ✔️✔️volume inside the lungs
What is the atmospheric pressure and intrapulmonary pressure when you are at
rest?(neither inhaling or exhaling) - ✔️✔️760mmHg
What is the lung volume during rest? - ✔️✔️400ml air
For inspiration, is the intrapulmonary pressure higher or lower than the atmospheric
pressure? - ✔️✔️lower
What are the steps of inspiration? - ✔️✔️-blood O2 levels are low, while CO2 is high
-chemoreceptors get stimulated
-chemoreceptors stimulate medulla(respiratory center)
-medulla stimulates the phrenic nerve
-phrenic nerve stimulates the diaphragm and respiratory muscles
-diaphragm and muscles move down and outward
-negative pressure created inside the lungs
-thoracic veins drain blood into the lungs
-increase in intrapulmonary volume
-decrease in intrapulmonary pressure by 4mmHg= 756mmHg
, -air enters lungs
What are the 2 types of chemoreceptors and their functions? - ✔️✔️Central receptors
-located near the medulla
-detect hydrogen concentration in CSF and by detecting hydrogen, it can tell if CO2 has
increased
Peripheral receptors
-found in carotid artery and aortic bodies
-detects a decrease in O2 levels, and if decreased, it stimulates the medulla
What are the steps of expiration? - ✔️✔️-inhalation caused the lungs to be filled with
air
-stimulates stretch receptors within the medulla
-medulla inhibits the phrenic nerve
-diaphragm and respiratory muscles no longer stimulated by phrenic nerve
-diaphragm and muscles relax
-diaphragm moves up and muscles move inward
-lungs recoil properly
-blood is pushed out of the lungs
-decrease in intrapulmonary volume
-increase in intrapulmonary pressure by 8mmHg= 764mmHg
-air leaves lungs
What are the parts of components capacity and their meaning? - ✔️✔️a- tidal
volume(TV): a normal breath
b- inspiratory reserve volume(IRV): the amount of air your can forcefully inhale after a
normal inhale
c- expiratory reserve volume(ERV): the amount of air you can forcefully exhale after a
normal exhale
d- vital capacity(VC): the amount of air that can be manipulated
e- residual volume(RV): the amount of air always left in the lungs
f-total lung capacity(TLC): the total amount of air your lungs can hold
What is pH, its range, and the categories within its range? - ✔️✔️-the concentration of
free hydrogen ions in a solution
-0-14
-acidic: 0-7, neutral: 7-8, basic: 8-14
What is acidosis, the 2 types of acid-base disturbances, and their meanings? - ✔️✔️-
pH is acidic
-metabolic: imbalance between acid and base due to excess acid in the body or not
enough base in the body
-respiratory: imbalance between acid and base due to excess CO2 in the body
What is alkalosis, the 2 types of acid-base disturbances, and their meanings? - ✔️✔️-
pH is alkaline(basic)
What is internal respiration? - ✔️✔️Gas exchange that occurs between the aleveoli and
RBCs, and between the RBCs and tissue
What is external respiration? - ✔️✔️air movement between the lungs and the
atmosphere
What is inhalation? - ✔️✔️when air moves from the atmosphere into the lungs
What is exhalation? - ✔️✔️when air moves from the lungs into the atmosphere
What are the 2 types of respiration? - ✔️✔️internal respiration and external respiration
In which direction does air flow due to pressure differences? - ✔️✔️from a high area to
a low area
What is Boyle's Law? - ✔️✔️that pressure and volume are inversely proportional
What is the atmospheric pressure at sea level? - ✔️✔️760 mmHg
What is intrapulmonary pressure? - ✔️✔️pressure inside the lungs
What is intrapulmonary volume? - ✔️✔️volume inside the lungs
What is the atmospheric pressure and intrapulmonary pressure when you are at
rest?(neither inhaling or exhaling) - ✔️✔️760mmHg
What is the lung volume during rest? - ✔️✔️400ml air
For inspiration, is the intrapulmonary pressure higher or lower than the atmospheric
pressure? - ✔️✔️lower
What are the steps of inspiration? - ✔️✔️-blood O2 levels are low, while CO2 is high
-chemoreceptors get stimulated
-chemoreceptors stimulate medulla(respiratory center)
-medulla stimulates the phrenic nerve
-phrenic nerve stimulates the diaphragm and respiratory muscles
-diaphragm and muscles move down and outward
-negative pressure created inside the lungs
-thoracic veins drain blood into the lungs
-increase in intrapulmonary volume
-decrease in intrapulmonary pressure by 4mmHg= 756mmHg
, -air enters lungs
What are the 2 types of chemoreceptors and their functions? - ✔️✔️Central receptors
-located near the medulla
-detect hydrogen concentration in CSF and by detecting hydrogen, it can tell if CO2 has
increased
Peripheral receptors
-found in carotid artery and aortic bodies
-detects a decrease in O2 levels, and if decreased, it stimulates the medulla
What are the steps of expiration? - ✔️✔️-inhalation caused the lungs to be filled with
air
-stimulates stretch receptors within the medulla
-medulla inhibits the phrenic nerve
-diaphragm and respiratory muscles no longer stimulated by phrenic nerve
-diaphragm and muscles relax
-diaphragm moves up and muscles move inward
-lungs recoil properly
-blood is pushed out of the lungs
-decrease in intrapulmonary volume
-increase in intrapulmonary pressure by 8mmHg= 764mmHg
-air leaves lungs
What are the parts of components capacity and their meaning? - ✔️✔️a- tidal
volume(TV): a normal breath
b- inspiratory reserve volume(IRV): the amount of air your can forcefully inhale after a
normal inhale
c- expiratory reserve volume(ERV): the amount of air you can forcefully exhale after a
normal exhale
d- vital capacity(VC): the amount of air that can be manipulated
e- residual volume(RV): the amount of air always left in the lungs
f-total lung capacity(TLC): the total amount of air your lungs can hold
What is pH, its range, and the categories within its range? - ✔️✔️-the concentration of
free hydrogen ions in a solution
-0-14
-acidic: 0-7, neutral: 7-8, basic: 8-14
What is acidosis, the 2 types of acid-base disturbances, and their meanings? - ✔️✔️-
pH is acidic
-metabolic: imbalance between acid and base due to excess acid in the body or not
enough base in the body
-respiratory: imbalance between acid and base due to excess CO2 in the body
What is alkalosis, the 2 types of acid-base disturbances, and their meanings? - ✔️✔️-
pH is alkaline(basic)
