PAS 525 Test With 100% Complete Solution
What are the cellular systems and processes prone to injury? - ANSWER -Cell
membrane integrity
-Aerobic respiration
-Enzyme & structural protein synthesis
-Nuclear integrity
What are the important biochemical themes common to cell injury and death? - ANSWER
-Changes in membrane permeability
-ATP depletion
-O2 & O2 derived free radicals
-Changes in intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis
What are some cellular changes secondary to cellular injury? - ANSWER -Changes in
membrane permeability
-Cellular swelling and changes in membrane function
-Changes in nuclei
What is thrombosis? What is the most common cause of it? - ANSWER -Blood clot
formation on intimal lining of blood vessels or heart
-Most commonly caused by intimal disruption exposing sub-endothelial collagen
What is an embolism? What is the most common source? - ANSWER -Free floating
particle in blood stream lodges in blood vessel and occludes blood flow
-Most common source is a thrombus
What three things cause cellular swelling? - ANSWER -Hypoxia
-Decreased ATP production secondary to decreased Na-K ATPase pump activity
-Alterations in plasma membrane permability
What are the two abnormal pigmentation accumulations discussed? Describe each. -
ANSWER -Lipofuscin: yellowish discoloration of skin secondary to free radicals & lipid
peroxidation. The most commonly effected tissues are chronically injured cells.
-Hemosiderin: insoluble form of Fe in tissue, abnormal accumulations stain tissue a
brownish color. Example: chronic venous stasis ulcers
,Where does calcification occur? What diagnostic tool can we use to visualize this? -
ANSWER -Calcium may precipitate in areas of chronic inflammation, dead/degenerating
tissue
-Can identify on xray
What is hyaline infiltration? - ANSWER -Abnormal protein deposits in tissue that make
them hard and non functional. Happens secondary to long lasting hypertension and
diabetes
What is atrophy? What are the two different types? - ANSWER -Decrease in cell size
secondary to decreased workload, decreased innervation, decreased blood supply, or
decreased nutrition/hormone stimulation
-Physiologic (due to age) & disuse (due to decreased use)
What is hypertrophy? What is a common cardiac disease involving hypertrophy? Which
valvular disease is this typical of? - ANSWER -Increased cell size secondary to
increased workload
-Left ventricular hypertrophy
-Aortic stenosis
What is the difference between neoplasia & anaplasia? - ANSWER -Neoplasia is
excessive uncontrolled clonal cell proliferation (can be benign or malignant)
-Anaplasia is abnormal appearing cells lacking differentiation (young cells that don't
mature properly) --> equated with undifferentiated malignant neoplasms
What is apoptosis? What is the main enzyme involved in this process? - ANSWER -Highly
controlled & orderly process of cellular destruction
-Caspases
What is infarction? Define the two types. - ANSWER -Localized area of tissue death
secondary to decreased blood flow
-Red (hemorrhagic) infarction & Pale infarction
What is necrosis? What are the three types? - ANSWER -Cell or tissue death with
morphologic evidence of death
-Coagulative (fibrinous) necrosis, liquefactive necrosis, and gangrenous negrosis
Which type of necrosis do you get when there is a homogenous mass deprived of blood?
- ANSWER -Coagulative (fibrinous) necrosis
Which type of necrosis do you see due to autolysis or bacterial breakdown? - ANSWER
-Liquefactive necrosis
, What are the different types of gangrenous necrosis? - ANSWER -"Dry": loss of blood
flow
-"Wet": with liquefaction
-"Gas": specific due to Clostridia infections
What is ground substance made of? - ANSWER -Glycoproteins & Proteoglycans
What are fibroblasts? - ANSWER -Connective tissue cells that produce collagen
What are the main function of Glycosaminoglycans (GAGS)? What proteins are they
attached to? - ANSWER -Bind water, help tissues fill up space and retain water
-Proteoglycans
Which WBC responds in the first 24 hours? They express receptors for? - ANSWER
-Neutrophils (PMNs): non specific phagocytes
-C3b, C5a
Which type of WBC are "pre-committed" in their immune specificity before interactions
with antigens? - ANSWER -Lymphocytes
What are they two different types of lymphocytes? What are the differences between
them? - ANSWER -T cells and B cells
-B cells account for small number overall (10%), T cells account for 75%
-B cells are responsible for humoral immunity, T cells are responsible for cellular
immunity
-B cells' membrane receptors are immunoglobulins that are antigen specific, T cells do
not have membrane receptors. T cells have CD molecules that mature in the thymus
gland
-B cells differentiate into plasma cells which produce antibodies
What are the cardinal signs of acute inflammation? - ANSWER -Rubor (redness)
-Calor (heat)
-Dolor (pain)
-Tumor (swelling)
-(loss of function)
What are the different types of chemotaxic factors? - ANSWER -Bacterial products
-Complement components
What are the cellular systems and processes prone to injury? - ANSWER -Cell
membrane integrity
-Aerobic respiration
-Enzyme & structural protein synthesis
-Nuclear integrity
What are the important biochemical themes common to cell injury and death? - ANSWER
-Changes in membrane permeability
-ATP depletion
-O2 & O2 derived free radicals
-Changes in intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis
What are some cellular changes secondary to cellular injury? - ANSWER -Changes in
membrane permeability
-Cellular swelling and changes in membrane function
-Changes in nuclei
What is thrombosis? What is the most common cause of it? - ANSWER -Blood clot
formation on intimal lining of blood vessels or heart
-Most commonly caused by intimal disruption exposing sub-endothelial collagen
What is an embolism? What is the most common source? - ANSWER -Free floating
particle in blood stream lodges in blood vessel and occludes blood flow
-Most common source is a thrombus
What three things cause cellular swelling? - ANSWER -Hypoxia
-Decreased ATP production secondary to decreased Na-K ATPase pump activity
-Alterations in plasma membrane permability
What are the two abnormal pigmentation accumulations discussed? Describe each. -
ANSWER -Lipofuscin: yellowish discoloration of skin secondary to free radicals & lipid
peroxidation. The most commonly effected tissues are chronically injured cells.
-Hemosiderin: insoluble form of Fe in tissue, abnormal accumulations stain tissue a
brownish color. Example: chronic venous stasis ulcers
,Where does calcification occur? What diagnostic tool can we use to visualize this? -
ANSWER -Calcium may precipitate in areas of chronic inflammation, dead/degenerating
tissue
-Can identify on xray
What is hyaline infiltration? - ANSWER -Abnormal protein deposits in tissue that make
them hard and non functional. Happens secondary to long lasting hypertension and
diabetes
What is atrophy? What are the two different types? - ANSWER -Decrease in cell size
secondary to decreased workload, decreased innervation, decreased blood supply, or
decreased nutrition/hormone stimulation
-Physiologic (due to age) & disuse (due to decreased use)
What is hypertrophy? What is a common cardiac disease involving hypertrophy? Which
valvular disease is this typical of? - ANSWER -Increased cell size secondary to
increased workload
-Left ventricular hypertrophy
-Aortic stenosis
What is the difference between neoplasia & anaplasia? - ANSWER -Neoplasia is
excessive uncontrolled clonal cell proliferation (can be benign or malignant)
-Anaplasia is abnormal appearing cells lacking differentiation (young cells that don't
mature properly) --> equated with undifferentiated malignant neoplasms
What is apoptosis? What is the main enzyme involved in this process? - ANSWER -Highly
controlled & orderly process of cellular destruction
-Caspases
What is infarction? Define the two types. - ANSWER -Localized area of tissue death
secondary to decreased blood flow
-Red (hemorrhagic) infarction & Pale infarction
What is necrosis? What are the three types? - ANSWER -Cell or tissue death with
morphologic evidence of death
-Coagulative (fibrinous) necrosis, liquefactive necrosis, and gangrenous negrosis
Which type of necrosis do you get when there is a homogenous mass deprived of blood?
- ANSWER -Coagulative (fibrinous) necrosis
Which type of necrosis do you see due to autolysis or bacterial breakdown? - ANSWER
-Liquefactive necrosis
, What are the different types of gangrenous necrosis? - ANSWER -"Dry": loss of blood
flow
-"Wet": with liquefaction
-"Gas": specific due to Clostridia infections
What is ground substance made of? - ANSWER -Glycoproteins & Proteoglycans
What are fibroblasts? - ANSWER -Connective tissue cells that produce collagen
What are the main function of Glycosaminoglycans (GAGS)? What proteins are they
attached to? - ANSWER -Bind water, help tissues fill up space and retain water
-Proteoglycans
Which WBC responds in the first 24 hours? They express receptors for? - ANSWER
-Neutrophils (PMNs): non specific phagocytes
-C3b, C5a
Which type of WBC are "pre-committed" in their immune specificity before interactions
with antigens? - ANSWER -Lymphocytes
What are they two different types of lymphocytes? What are the differences between
them? - ANSWER -T cells and B cells
-B cells account for small number overall (10%), T cells account for 75%
-B cells are responsible for humoral immunity, T cells are responsible for cellular
immunity
-B cells' membrane receptors are immunoglobulins that are antigen specific, T cells do
not have membrane receptors. T cells have CD molecules that mature in the thymus
gland
-B cells differentiate into plasma cells which produce antibodies
What are the cardinal signs of acute inflammation? - ANSWER -Rubor (redness)
-Calor (heat)
-Dolor (pain)
-Tumor (swelling)
-(loss of function)
What are the different types of chemotaxic factors? - ANSWER -Bacterial products
-Complement components
