Classical Conditioning/Operant Conditioning Exam

preoperational - ANS the second stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development, occurring from ages 2-7; during this stage, children are capable of using symbols in their thinking, but they lack the ability to perform logical operations primary reinforcer - ANS a reinforcer that meets a basic biological need generalization - ANS a transfer of a response learned from one stimulus to a similar stimulus continuous reinforcement schedule - ANS a schedule in which every instance of the target behavior is reinforced spontaneous recovery - ANS the quick reoccurrence of a previously extinguished response when the reinforcer for the response is reintroduced desensitization - ANS an example of a counterconditioning process punishment - ANS anything that follows a behavior and causes the behavior to decrease schedule of reinforcement - ANS a plan for how frequently a target behavior will be reinforced operant conditioning - ANS a type of conditioning in which the organism learns an association between a voluntary behavior and its consequences classical conditioning - ANS originally discovered by Ivan Pavlov; a form of learning in which a subject learns an association between two stimuli. First, a stimulus produces an automatic, unlearned response. The unconditioned stimulus is then paired with a neutral stimulus until the subject learns the association between the two stimuli, and the subject responds to the conditioned stimulus present alone fixed schedule of reinforcement - ANS a schedule in which reinforcement occurs after a consistent, or fixed number of responses (fixed ratio,) or after a consistent amount of time (fixed interval) token economy - ANS in operant conditioning, when one can earn tokens or some other reinforcer for certain behaviors positive reinforcement - ANS anything that causes a behavior to increase by administering something desirable in response to the behavior neutral stimulus - ANS a stimulus that does not provoke any particular response; in classical conditioning, a neutral stimulus (NS) is paired with the unconditioned stimulus (UCS until the organism learns the association between the two stimuli; the NS then becomes the conditioned stimulus (CS) secondary reinforcer - ANS a reinforcer that does not in and of itself meet a basic biological need, but it can be exchanged for primary reinforcers, which would meet a basic biological need; money is an example, because it can be exchanged for food or shelter discrimination (race relations) - ANS unjustifiable negative behavior toward another group or its members Little Albert - ANS the little boy who was conditioned by John Watson and Rosalie Raynor to be afraid of a white rat; Watson and Raynor used classical conditioning to pair the rat with a loud noise, until he began to exhibit fear in response to the rat reinforcement - ANS anything that follows a behavior and causes the behavior to increase partial reinforcement schedule - ANS a schedule of reinforcement in which only certain instances of desired behaviors are reinforced; fall into four types: fixed ratio, fixed interval, variable ratio, and variable interval schedules conditioned stimulus - ANS in classical conditioning, the neutral stimulus that is paired with the unconditioned stimulus to provoke the conditioned response shaping - ANS the process of reinforcing successive approximations of the desired behavior until the organism is performing the desired behavior in its entirety discrimination (learning) - ANS the cognitive process whereby two or more stimuli are distinguished extinction - ANS in operant conditioning, the disappearance of a behavior due to a previously reinforced behavior no longer being reinforced