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2025 PAR EXAM 2 QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS

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2025 PAR EXAM 2 QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS

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2025 PAR EXAM 2 QUESTIONS WITH
VERIFIED ANSWERS
ConsequentialistA(essayAquestion)A-ACORRECTAANSWERA-
Teleological:ArightAandAwrongAdependsAonAtheAoutcome

LookingAatAoutcomeAMoralityAisAbasedAonAorAconcernedAwithAconsequences

Torture->oneAdeathAvsA100,000Adeaths->goodAoutcomeA(actionAjustified)

TwoAtheories:Aegotism-self,Autilitarianism-everyoneAisAinvolved



NonconsequentialistA(essayAquestion)A-ACORRECTAANSWERA-
deontological:ArightAandAwrongAbasedAonAtheAactionAitself

LookingAatAtheAact.AMoralityAisAnotAbasedAonAorAconcernedAwithAconsequences

Torture->oneAdeathAvsA100,000AdeathsA->AbadAoutcomeA(notAjustified)

ThreeAtheories:Aconsistency,AhumanAdignity,Auniversality



EgotismA-ACORRECTAANSWERA-humansAareAalwaysAmotivatedAbyAself-
interest,AevenAinAwhatAseemAtoAbeAactsAofAaltruism



EthicalAegotismA-ACORRECTAANSWERA-moralAagentsAshouldAtoAdoAwhatAisAinAtheirAownAself-
interestA(notAaAworkingAtheory)



psychologicalAegoismA-ACORRECTAANSWERA-peopleAcanAonlyAactAinAtheirAself-
interest.AnotAanAethicalAtheory,AscientificAtheory



IndividualAethicalAegoismA-ACORRECTAANSWERA-everyoneAshouldAactAinAmyAself-interest



PersonalAethicalAegoismA-ACORRECTAANSWERA-IAshouldAactAinAmyAownAself-
interest,AbutAmakeAnoAclaimsAaboutAwhatAanyoneAelseAshouldAdo



Universal/rationalAethicalAegoismA-ACORRECTAANSWERA-
everyoneAshouldAalwaysAactAinAhisAorAherAownAself-interest

, AynARandA(essayAquestion)A-ACORRECTAANSWERA-
TheAforemostAexponentAofAuniversalAethicalAegoismA(whichAsheAcalledArationalAethicalAegoism).ASelf-
interestsAofArationalAhumanAbeings,AbyAvirtueAofAtheirAbeingArational,AwillAneverAconflict.AThatAtheoryAdoes
AnotAaddressAtheAveryArealAconflictsAthatAdoAactuallyAariseAinAourAcrowdedAandAinterdependentAsocieties




UtilitarianismA-ACORRECTAANSWERA--
maintainsAthatAeveryoneAshouldAfollowAthatAmoralAruleAwhichAwillAbringAaboutAtheAgreatestAgoodA(orAhap
piness)AforAeveryoneAconcerned.A

-
WhenAchoosingAaAcourseAofAaction,AalwaysApickAtheAoneAthatAwillAmaximizeAhappinessAandAminimizeAunha
ppinessAforAtheAgreatestAnumberAofApeople.A

-InterestedAinAtheACONSEQUENCESAofAourAactions



JeremyABenthamA(1748-A1832)A-ACORRECTAANSWERA-EnglishAjuristAandAphilosopher

•ADevelopedAutilitarianism

•AMaximizeAhappinessAandAminimizeAunhappinessAforAasAmanyAasApossible

•AWhatAisAgoodAisApleasurableAandAwhatAisAbadAisApainfulA-Ahedonism

•AHedonisticAutilitarianism



JohnAStuartAMillA(1806-1873)A-ACORRECTAANSWERA--EnglishAphilosopherAandAeconomist

-BelievingAthatAutilitarianismAwasAtheAonlyAreasonableAmoralAsystemA-
WeAshouldn'tAlookAatAtheAacts,AbutAratherAatAtheAconsequences.

-ASystemAofALogicA(1834)

-APrinciplesAofAPoliticalAEconomy

(1848)

-AOnALibertyA(1859)

-ATheASbjectionAofAWomenA(1869)



MillAmakesAatAleastAtwoAimportantAmodificationsAinABentham'sAutilitarianism:

1.AHeArejectsAtheAattemptAtoAassignAnumberAvaluesAtoApleasuresAandApains.

2.AHeAmakesAaAveryAimportantAdistinctionAbetweenAtheAqualityAofAaApleasureAandAitsAquality.

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