NREMT COGNITIVE EXAM LATEST 2025
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS|
ALREADY GRADED A+ 2025-2026
How many bones are there in the human body? Correct
Answer There are 206 bones in the human body.
How many vertebrae are in the spinal column? Correct
Answer 33 vertebrae
-7 cervical
-12 thoracic
-5 lumbar
-5 sacral
-4 coccygeal
What are the components of the upper airway? Correct
Answer Components of the upper airway include:
-Nose and mouth
-Nasopharynx
-Oropharynx
-Larynx
-Epiglottis
What is the most common cause of upper airway
obstruction? Correct Answer The tongue.
What are the components of the lower airway? Correct
Answer Components of the lower airway include:
-Trachea
,-Carina
-Left and right mainstem bronchi
-Broncioles
-Alveoli
How is lung expansion achieved? Correct Answer During
inhalation, as the chest expands, the parietal pleura pull
the visceral pleura, which pull the lungs.
What is the diaphragm? Correct Answer The diaphragm is
the primary muscle of respiration.
It separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity.
It is usually under involuntary control but can be controlled
voluntarily.
The esophagus and the great vessels pass through the
diaphragm.
The diaphragm is dome shaped until it contracts during
inhalation. During inhalation, it moves down and expands
the size of the thoracic cavity.
What is inhalation through negative pressure breathing?
Correct Answer The diaphragm and intercostal muscles
contract, the thoracic cage expands, pressure in the chest
cavity decreases, and air rushes in.
Inhalation is an active process and requires energy.
Atmospheric (inhaled) oxygen contains 21% oxygen.
What is exhalation? Correct Answer The diaphragm and
intercostal muscles relax, the thoracic cage contracts,
pressure in the chest cavity rises and air is expelled.
,Exhalation is normally passive and does not require
energy.
Exhaled air contains 16% oxygen.
What are the different types of respiration? Correct
Answer External respiration: the exchange of oxygen and
carbon dioxide between the alveoli and pulmonary
capillaries.
Internal respiration: gas exchanged between the body's
cells and the systemic capillaries.
Cellular respiration: also known as aerobic metabolism,
uses oxygen to break down glucose to create energy.
What is the primary mechanism of breathing control?
Correct Answer Carbon dioxide drive is the primary
mechanism of breathing control for most people.
The brain stem monitors carbon dioxide levels in the blood
and CSF.
High carbon dioxide levels will stimulate an increase in
respiratory rate and tidal volume.
What is hypoxic drive? Correct Answer Hypoxic drive is a
backup system to the carbon dioxide drive.
Specialized sensors in the brain, aorta and carotid arteries
monitor oxygen levels.
Low oxygen levels will stimulate breathing.
The hypoxic drive is less effective than carbon dioxide
drive.
, What is the minute volume? Correct Answer Respiratory
rate times tidal volume.
What are normal breathing rates for adults, children and
infants? Correct Answer Normal adult rate: 12-20 breaths
per minute
Normal pediatric rate: 15-30 breaths per minute
Normal infant rate: 25 to 50 breaths per minute
Non-labored
Regular rhythm
Clear and equal breath sounds bilaterally
What are the three layers of heart muscle and
pericardium? Correct Answer Endocardium: smooth, thin
lining on the inside of the heart
Myocardium: thick muscular wall of the heart
Epicardium: outermost layer of the heart and innermost
layer of the pericardium
Pericardium: fibrous sac surrounding the heart
What is the heart's electrical conduction system? Correct
Answer The primary power plant, the sinoatrial (SA) node,
normally generates impulses between 60 and 100 times
per minute in the adult.
The atrioventricular (AV) junction is the backup pacemaker
and generates electrical impulses at about 40 to 60 per
minute.
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS|
ALREADY GRADED A+ 2025-2026
How many bones are there in the human body? Correct
Answer There are 206 bones in the human body.
How many vertebrae are in the spinal column? Correct
Answer 33 vertebrae
-7 cervical
-12 thoracic
-5 lumbar
-5 sacral
-4 coccygeal
What are the components of the upper airway? Correct
Answer Components of the upper airway include:
-Nose and mouth
-Nasopharynx
-Oropharynx
-Larynx
-Epiglottis
What is the most common cause of upper airway
obstruction? Correct Answer The tongue.
What are the components of the lower airway? Correct
Answer Components of the lower airway include:
-Trachea
,-Carina
-Left and right mainstem bronchi
-Broncioles
-Alveoli
How is lung expansion achieved? Correct Answer During
inhalation, as the chest expands, the parietal pleura pull
the visceral pleura, which pull the lungs.
What is the diaphragm? Correct Answer The diaphragm is
the primary muscle of respiration.
It separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity.
It is usually under involuntary control but can be controlled
voluntarily.
The esophagus and the great vessels pass through the
diaphragm.
The diaphragm is dome shaped until it contracts during
inhalation. During inhalation, it moves down and expands
the size of the thoracic cavity.
What is inhalation through negative pressure breathing?
Correct Answer The diaphragm and intercostal muscles
contract, the thoracic cage expands, pressure in the chest
cavity decreases, and air rushes in.
Inhalation is an active process and requires energy.
Atmospheric (inhaled) oxygen contains 21% oxygen.
What is exhalation? Correct Answer The diaphragm and
intercostal muscles relax, the thoracic cage contracts,
pressure in the chest cavity rises and air is expelled.
,Exhalation is normally passive and does not require
energy.
Exhaled air contains 16% oxygen.
What are the different types of respiration? Correct
Answer External respiration: the exchange of oxygen and
carbon dioxide between the alveoli and pulmonary
capillaries.
Internal respiration: gas exchanged between the body's
cells and the systemic capillaries.
Cellular respiration: also known as aerobic metabolism,
uses oxygen to break down glucose to create energy.
What is the primary mechanism of breathing control?
Correct Answer Carbon dioxide drive is the primary
mechanism of breathing control for most people.
The brain stem monitors carbon dioxide levels in the blood
and CSF.
High carbon dioxide levels will stimulate an increase in
respiratory rate and tidal volume.
What is hypoxic drive? Correct Answer Hypoxic drive is a
backup system to the carbon dioxide drive.
Specialized sensors in the brain, aorta and carotid arteries
monitor oxygen levels.
Low oxygen levels will stimulate breathing.
The hypoxic drive is less effective than carbon dioxide
drive.
, What is the minute volume? Correct Answer Respiratory
rate times tidal volume.
What are normal breathing rates for adults, children and
infants? Correct Answer Normal adult rate: 12-20 breaths
per minute
Normal pediatric rate: 15-30 breaths per minute
Normal infant rate: 25 to 50 breaths per minute
Non-labored
Regular rhythm
Clear and equal breath sounds bilaterally
What are the three layers of heart muscle and
pericardium? Correct Answer Endocardium: smooth, thin
lining on the inside of the heart
Myocardium: thick muscular wall of the heart
Epicardium: outermost layer of the heart and innermost
layer of the pericardium
Pericardium: fibrous sac surrounding the heart
What is the heart's electrical conduction system? Correct
Answer The primary power plant, the sinoatrial (SA) node,
normally generates impulses between 60 and 100 times
per minute in the adult.
The atrioventricular (AV) junction is the backup pacemaker
and generates electrical impulses at about 40 to 60 per
minute.
