N111 ETHICS MIDTERM TEST 2025.
Select the author of a 1910 report that provided the impetus for reform of medical
education and published criteria for a profession. - ANSWER - Flexner
see patient situations holistically, easily recognize the priorities of care, and allow
rules to be bent, they may not suggest bending rules for the desired patient outcome.
- ANSWER Proficient practitioner
The nursing profession has experienced barriers to professionalism. Which of the
following is the primary current barrier to nursing's professionalism? - ANSWER
Inequality in level of education
No other profession allows entry into practice at less than the baccalaureate level. In
fact, many professions require postgraduate preparation for beginning professional
practice.
Cohen's Model: 4 stages
In which stage of Cohen's model of professional socialization is a nursing student
who asks, "Why do I have to go to clinical in obstetrics when I know I'll never work
with women and children?" - ANSWER In Stage II, students begin to question
authority figures and overestimate their ability to care for complex patients.
Benner describes five stages of nursing proficiency as students develop into expert
nurses. Which of the following is not a stage of development described by Benner?
Novice to Expert - ANSWER The stages identified by Benner in her theory From
Novice to Expert do not include inexpert beginner.
Which nurse developed the following definition of nursing? "What nursing is to do is
to put the patient in the best condition for nature to act upon him." - ANSWER
Florence Nightingale
Which of the following best describes the difference between an occupation and a
profession? - ANSWER Profession is defined as a duty, vocation, or form of
employment that provides a needed service to society and possesses characteristics
of expertise, autonomy, long academic preparation, commitment, and responsibility.
The process of professionalization of an occupation typically follows a pattern of
developmental stages. One of the stages is collective identity. Which of the following
is an example of collective identity? - ANSWER Legal...
Professions will be defined legally to determine who can use the skills practiced by
its members.
The unique focus of nursing is - ANSWER Health
Which student behavior developed during formal professional socialization would be
the responsibility of the nursing program? - ANSWER Assessment skills
Which of the following is a characteristic of a profession?
,N111 ETHICS MIDTERM TEST 2025.
Education takes place in colleges or universities. - ANSWER Job: Autonomy is
limited, The body of knowledge remains constant, Practitioners place self above
service.
Which of the following was recognized earliest as a true profession? - ANSWER
Ministry
A mother asks the nurse if her 5-year-old can visit his twin brother in the pediatric
intensive care unit (PICU) after cardiac surgery. The nurse knows that hospital policy
states that children younger than 12 years of age are not allowed to visit the PICU.
The nurse grants the request. This illustrates which of Benner's stages of nursing
proficiency? - ANSWER Proficient practitioner
According to the nurse's Code of Ethics, the hallmark of nursing practice is -
ANSWER Accountability
An experienced nurse would demonstrate collegiality with a novice nurse by which of
the following? - ANSWER Offering to serve as a mentor to the novice with mutually
agreed-on goals
Which of the following strategies may help to overcome reality shock in the novice
nurse? - ANSWER Participating in a preceptorship
In which stage of Cohen's model of professional socialization is a nursing student
who asks, "Since I work as a nurse technician in psychiatric nursing, may I spend
part of my clinical rotation with a psychiatric home visiting nurse?" - ANSWER Stage
IV: Interdependence
Cohen's model of professional socialization: - ANSWER Stage I: Unilateral
dependence
Stage II: Negativity/independence
Stage III: Dependence/mutuality
Stage IV: Interdependence
Which behavior would be the individual's personal responsibility to develop during
formal professional socialization? - ANSWER Ability to accept feedback
Formal professional socialization. universities responsibilites - ANSWER
Formal professional socialization. Individual's responsibilites - ANSWER Ability to
accept feedback
Nursing is becoming known as the health science of - ANSWER Caring
5 minutes is competent.
denying but allowing to visit the lounge is proficient. and allowing during quiet time is
expert - ANSWER
Brenner's stages of nursing proficiency - ANSWER
,N111 ETHICS MIDTERM TEST 2025.
What each important person is known for - ANSWER
Occupation versus profession - ANSWER
Nurses code of ethics - accountability - ANSWER
Dorothy Orem - ANSWER Patient needs to do as much as they can. Self-care
deficit.
Watson - ANSWER Caring. Including caring for self.
Roy - ANSWER Adaptive. Coping.
Traditionally the only professions were: - ANSWER Medical doctors
Lawyers
Divinity
The struggle to change the status of nurses from female domestic servants to one of
high-level health care providers who base their protocols on scientific principles has
been a goal of nursing leaders for many years. - ANSWER
Evolution of Nursing's Profession - ANSWER Prisoners & prostitutes the first nurses
First to say Occupation - Florence Nightingale
Physician's assistant
Slowly developed own body of knowledge
Is it a Profession is a Hot debate
Flexner - 1915 - Definition of Profession - ANSWER Intellectual - verses physical
Individual responsibility
Own body of knowledge developed through research
Practical and theoretical
Taught thru highly specialized education
Strong organization of members
Motivated by altruism & public interest
Hall defined profession in 1968 - ANSWER Professional organizations
Values public service
Belief in self-regulation
Commitment goes beyond financial incentives
Sense of autonomy
Bixler & Bixler 1945, 1959
examined nursing's status as profession
specialized body of knowledge - ANSWER Bixler & Bixler
Specialized body of knowledge, well defined & organized
Body of knowledge increases to improve education & practice
Body of knowledge is applied to human service & social welfare
Practice is autonomous
Requires education in higher institution
, N111 ETHICS MIDTERM TEST 2025.
Service more important then personal gain
Kelly - 1981 - Explored dimensions of professional nursing
body of knowledge research
responsibility
college
autonomus, altruism
code of ethics
profssional organization - ANSWER Kelly
Services vital to humanity & societal welfare
Body of knowledge thru research
Intellectual, critical thinking, individual responsibility
Educated in institutions higher learning
Practitioners are autonomous
Motivated by altruism
Work important component of lives
Code of ethics
Professional organization
Miller 1985 Wheel
model of wheel of professionalism - ANSWER Miller
Model of "Wheel of Professionalism"
Center is education in university
8 spokes in the wheel of professionalism: Theory, community service, continuing
education, research, autonomy, professional organization, publication, code of ethics
Consistent Criteria of Professionalism - ANSWER Service/altruism
Specialized knowledge through research
Specialized education
Autonomy
Code of Ethics
High Intellectual Level of Functioning
Intellectual Level of Functioning - ANSWER Certainly not in early years!
Florence Nightingale raised the bar & required an education but still menial
compared to today
Today assessment skills & knowledge needed every day to make judgments based
on clients condition
Still different levels of education
Autonomy - ANSWER independence in one's thoughts or actions, power to make
own decisions
some segments demonstrate high levels of autonomy (which ones?)
Are hospital nurses autonomous? Collaborative, dependent, independent
Specialized Body of Knowledge - ANSWER Early years skills based on tradition,
intuition, or doctors orders
Eventually "nursing science" was compiled through research done by nurses
Select the author of a 1910 report that provided the impetus for reform of medical
education and published criteria for a profession. - ANSWER - Flexner
see patient situations holistically, easily recognize the priorities of care, and allow
rules to be bent, they may not suggest bending rules for the desired patient outcome.
- ANSWER Proficient practitioner
The nursing profession has experienced barriers to professionalism. Which of the
following is the primary current barrier to nursing's professionalism? - ANSWER
Inequality in level of education
No other profession allows entry into practice at less than the baccalaureate level. In
fact, many professions require postgraduate preparation for beginning professional
practice.
Cohen's Model: 4 stages
In which stage of Cohen's model of professional socialization is a nursing student
who asks, "Why do I have to go to clinical in obstetrics when I know I'll never work
with women and children?" - ANSWER In Stage II, students begin to question
authority figures and overestimate their ability to care for complex patients.
Benner describes five stages of nursing proficiency as students develop into expert
nurses. Which of the following is not a stage of development described by Benner?
Novice to Expert - ANSWER The stages identified by Benner in her theory From
Novice to Expert do not include inexpert beginner.
Which nurse developed the following definition of nursing? "What nursing is to do is
to put the patient in the best condition for nature to act upon him." - ANSWER
Florence Nightingale
Which of the following best describes the difference between an occupation and a
profession? - ANSWER Profession is defined as a duty, vocation, or form of
employment that provides a needed service to society and possesses characteristics
of expertise, autonomy, long academic preparation, commitment, and responsibility.
The process of professionalization of an occupation typically follows a pattern of
developmental stages. One of the stages is collective identity. Which of the following
is an example of collective identity? - ANSWER Legal...
Professions will be defined legally to determine who can use the skills practiced by
its members.
The unique focus of nursing is - ANSWER Health
Which student behavior developed during formal professional socialization would be
the responsibility of the nursing program? - ANSWER Assessment skills
Which of the following is a characteristic of a profession?
,N111 ETHICS MIDTERM TEST 2025.
Education takes place in colleges or universities. - ANSWER Job: Autonomy is
limited, The body of knowledge remains constant, Practitioners place self above
service.
Which of the following was recognized earliest as a true profession? - ANSWER
Ministry
A mother asks the nurse if her 5-year-old can visit his twin brother in the pediatric
intensive care unit (PICU) after cardiac surgery. The nurse knows that hospital policy
states that children younger than 12 years of age are not allowed to visit the PICU.
The nurse grants the request. This illustrates which of Benner's stages of nursing
proficiency? - ANSWER Proficient practitioner
According to the nurse's Code of Ethics, the hallmark of nursing practice is -
ANSWER Accountability
An experienced nurse would demonstrate collegiality with a novice nurse by which of
the following? - ANSWER Offering to serve as a mentor to the novice with mutually
agreed-on goals
Which of the following strategies may help to overcome reality shock in the novice
nurse? - ANSWER Participating in a preceptorship
In which stage of Cohen's model of professional socialization is a nursing student
who asks, "Since I work as a nurse technician in psychiatric nursing, may I spend
part of my clinical rotation with a psychiatric home visiting nurse?" - ANSWER Stage
IV: Interdependence
Cohen's model of professional socialization: - ANSWER Stage I: Unilateral
dependence
Stage II: Negativity/independence
Stage III: Dependence/mutuality
Stage IV: Interdependence
Which behavior would be the individual's personal responsibility to develop during
formal professional socialization? - ANSWER Ability to accept feedback
Formal professional socialization. universities responsibilites - ANSWER
Formal professional socialization. Individual's responsibilites - ANSWER Ability to
accept feedback
Nursing is becoming known as the health science of - ANSWER Caring
5 minutes is competent.
denying but allowing to visit the lounge is proficient. and allowing during quiet time is
expert - ANSWER
Brenner's stages of nursing proficiency - ANSWER
,N111 ETHICS MIDTERM TEST 2025.
What each important person is known for - ANSWER
Occupation versus profession - ANSWER
Nurses code of ethics - accountability - ANSWER
Dorothy Orem - ANSWER Patient needs to do as much as they can. Self-care
deficit.
Watson - ANSWER Caring. Including caring for self.
Roy - ANSWER Adaptive. Coping.
Traditionally the only professions were: - ANSWER Medical doctors
Lawyers
Divinity
The struggle to change the status of nurses from female domestic servants to one of
high-level health care providers who base their protocols on scientific principles has
been a goal of nursing leaders for many years. - ANSWER
Evolution of Nursing's Profession - ANSWER Prisoners & prostitutes the first nurses
First to say Occupation - Florence Nightingale
Physician's assistant
Slowly developed own body of knowledge
Is it a Profession is a Hot debate
Flexner - 1915 - Definition of Profession - ANSWER Intellectual - verses physical
Individual responsibility
Own body of knowledge developed through research
Practical and theoretical
Taught thru highly specialized education
Strong organization of members
Motivated by altruism & public interest
Hall defined profession in 1968 - ANSWER Professional organizations
Values public service
Belief in self-regulation
Commitment goes beyond financial incentives
Sense of autonomy
Bixler & Bixler 1945, 1959
examined nursing's status as profession
specialized body of knowledge - ANSWER Bixler & Bixler
Specialized body of knowledge, well defined & organized
Body of knowledge increases to improve education & practice
Body of knowledge is applied to human service & social welfare
Practice is autonomous
Requires education in higher institution
, N111 ETHICS MIDTERM TEST 2025.
Service more important then personal gain
Kelly - 1981 - Explored dimensions of professional nursing
body of knowledge research
responsibility
college
autonomus, altruism
code of ethics
profssional organization - ANSWER Kelly
Services vital to humanity & societal welfare
Body of knowledge thru research
Intellectual, critical thinking, individual responsibility
Educated in institutions higher learning
Practitioners are autonomous
Motivated by altruism
Work important component of lives
Code of ethics
Professional organization
Miller 1985 Wheel
model of wheel of professionalism - ANSWER Miller
Model of "Wheel of Professionalism"
Center is education in university
8 spokes in the wheel of professionalism: Theory, community service, continuing
education, research, autonomy, professional organization, publication, code of ethics
Consistent Criteria of Professionalism - ANSWER Service/altruism
Specialized knowledge through research
Specialized education
Autonomy
Code of Ethics
High Intellectual Level of Functioning
Intellectual Level of Functioning - ANSWER Certainly not in early years!
Florence Nightingale raised the bar & required an education but still menial
compared to today
Today assessment skills & knowledge needed every day to make judgments based
on clients condition
Still different levels of education
Autonomy - ANSWER independence in one's thoughts or actions, power to make
own decisions
some segments demonstrate high levels of autonomy (which ones?)
Are hospital nurses autonomous? Collaborative, dependent, independent
Specialized Body of Knowledge - ANSWER Early years skills based on tradition,
intuition, or doctors orders
Eventually "nursing science" was compiled through research done by nurses
