TEAS 2023 SCIENCE EVERYTHING
What do the following terms reference? Cephalic, Cranial, Facial, Frontal, Occipital, and
Temporal. -
Head, Skull, Face, Forehead, Base of Skull and Temple area
What do the following terms reference? Ocular and Otic. -
Eye and Ear (keep in mind oPtic refers to eye)
What do the following terms reference? Buccal, Nasal, Oral, and Mental -
Cheek, Nose, Mouth, and Chin
What do the following terms reference? Cervical, Vertebral, Dorsal and Lumbar -
Neck, Spinal Column, Back and Lower back
What do the following terms reference? Sternal, Thoracic, Abdominal, Umbilical and
Mammary -
Breastbone (sternum,) Chest (Thorax,) Abdomen, Naval and Breasts
What do the following terms reference? Acromial, Scapular, Brachial, Antebrachial, Cubital,
Axillary and Antecubital -
Shoulder, Shoulder blade (Scapula,) Arm, Front of arm, Elbow, Armpit, and Front
of elbow.
What do the following terms reference? Coxa, Sacral and Coccygeal. -
Hips, Between the hips and Tailbone
What do the following terms reference? Carpal, Palmar, Pollex, Dorsum (when referencing
hand,) Manual, and Digital (Phalangeal.) -
Wrist, Palm, Thumb, Back of hand, Hand and Fingers
What do the following terms reference? Gluteal and Pelvic. -
Buttocks and Pelvis
What do the following terms reference? Inguinal, Pubic and Perineal -
Groin, Pubis and Area between anus and external genitals.
What do the following terms reference? Femoral, Patella, Popliteal, Crural and Sural -
Thigh, Front of knee, Back of knee, Shin, and Calf
What do the following terms reference? Pedal, Tarsal, Dorsum (when reference to Foot,)
Plantar, Calcaneal and Hallux -
Foot, Ankle, top of the foot, sole of the foot, heel, and Big toe.
Define the following anatomical positions: Anterior vs Posterior -
Towards the front vs Towards the back
Define the following anatomical positions: Superior vs Inferior -
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, Towards the head vs Towards the foot
Define the following anatomical positions: Medial vs Lateral -
Towards the midline vs Away from the Midline
Define the following anatomical positions: Proximal vs Distal -
Closer to the Trunk of the body vs Farther from the trunk of the body
Define the following Anatomical Planes: Sagittal (median,) Frontal (coronal,) and
Transverse. -
Divides between Right and Left halves, Divides between front and posterior halves,
Divides between upper and lower halves.
Path of airflow in Respiratory system -
Nose/Mouth/Nostrils> Nasal/Oral Cavity > Pharynx (Throat) > Larynx (Voice
Box) > Trachea > Main Bronchi > Bronchioles > Terminal bronchiole > Alveoli (where gas
exchange occurs with blood capillaries.)
Name some factors that affect the respiratory system. -
Cigarettes, Pollution, Allergies, Inflammation and Diseases: Pneumonia, Bronchitis
and Asthma.
Inhalation vs. Exhalation (Difference in Diaphragm action, volume and pressure.) -
Inhalation: The action of breathing in. Diaphragm CONTRACTS DOWN. Volume
Increases and Pressure Decreases.
Exhalation: The action of breathing out. Diaphragm RELAXES UP. Volume decreases and
Pressure increases.
What Kind of Cells are in Alveoli? -
Epithelial cells line the Alveoli. These cells are thin enough for CO2 and O2 to
exchange.
What is pulmonary surfactant and what does it do? -
surface active substance which coats the alveoli and reduces surface tension.
Prevents your lungs from collapsing.
What is diffusion? -
The movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low
concentration.
Acidosis vs Alkalosis (Respiratory) -
Acidosis is low pH in the blood (aka pH is below 7.4, aka CO2 levels are too high,
aka too many H+ atoms in your blood, aka Blood is too acidic.)
Alkalosis is High pH in the blood (aka pH is above 7.4, aka O2 levels are too high, aka too
many OH- atoms in your blood, aka Blood is too Basic.)
What happens in the heart during Systole vs during Diastole? -
Contraction of the heart. Pressure in the heart is HIGHEST during Systole. LUB.
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, Relaxation of the heart. Pressure in the heart is LOWEST during Diastole. DUB.
What kind of cells are only found in the heart? Why are they special? -
Cardiomyocytes make up cardiac tissue/muscle (or myocardium.) They contain
intercalated discs which prevent separation and help the cells act in unison. Cardiomyocytes
contain Sarcomeres. Although they are striated like skeletal muscle cells, cardiac muscle cells
are not as long and only contain 1-2 nuclei.
What are the four chambers in the heart? -
right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle
Arteries vs Veins vs Capillaries -
Arteries- Thick-walled (to withstand high pressure.) Smooth. Transports
oxygenated blood AWAY FROM HEART.* (*one exemption: pulmonary arteries carry
deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs.)
Veins- Thin-walled (under Low pressure.) Contain flaps to prevent backflow. Transports
Deoxygenated blood TO the heart.* ( *one exemption: pulmonary veins carry oxygenated
blood from the lungs to the heart.)
Capillaries: Where gas and nutrient exchange takes place. Able to dilate and contract to
maintain Homoeostasis.
Pacemaker cells -
A group of specialized Cardiac cells located in the right atrium (SA Node) that
sends out initial signal to make the heart muscle contract. They are also found in the AV
Node, bundle of His and Purkinje Fibers. They regulate the heart beat and delay accordingly
to keep the signal moving along at the right "pace."
Describe the Heart's Electrical System pathway -
Sinoatrial (SA) Node> Atrioventricular (AV) Node> Bundle of His> Left/Right
Bundle Branches> Purkinje Fibers. SA node is the primary pacemaker of the heart. Beats
should be between 60-100 beats per minute. Purkinje Fibers are the last pacemaker "resort"
of the heart. The signals of the nodes are all slightly delayed to maintain the correct pace in
the heart.
Describe the blood flow through the heart starting at the R Atrium -
R atrium > Tricuspid valve > R ventricle > Pulmonary Semilunar valve >
Pulmonary artery > Lungs> Pulmonary veins > L atrium > Mitral/Bicuspid valve > L
ventricle > Aortic valve > aorta > Arteries> Body> Capillaries>Veins> Inferior/Superior
Vena Cava.
Blood composition (with percentages.) -
55%= Plasma
45%= Erythrocytes (red blood cells,)
Approx. 1%= Leukocytes (white blood cells,) and platelets.
What is plasma? -
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What do the following terms reference? Cephalic, Cranial, Facial, Frontal, Occipital, and
Temporal. -
Head, Skull, Face, Forehead, Base of Skull and Temple area
What do the following terms reference? Ocular and Otic. -
Eye and Ear (keep in mind oPtic refers to eye)
What do the following terms reference? Buccal, Nasal, Oral, and Mental -
Cheek, Nose, Mouth, and Chin
What do the following terms reference? Cervical, Vertebral, Dorsal and Lumbar -
Neck, Spinal Column, Back and Lower back
What do the following terms reference? Sternal, Thoracic, Abdominal, Umbilical and
Mammary -
Breastbone (sternum,) Chest (Thorax,) Abdomen, Naval and Breasts
What do the following terms reference? Acromial, Scapular, Brachial, Antebrachial, Cubital,
Axillary and Antecubital -
Shoulder, Shoulder blade (Scapula,) Arm, Front of arm, Elbow, Armpit, and Front
of elbow.
What do the following terms reference? Coxa, Sacral and Coccygeal. -
Hips, Between the hips and Tailbone
What do the following terms reference? Carpal, Palmar, Pollex, Dorsum (when referencing
hand,) Manual, and Digital (Phalangeal.) -
Wrist, Palm, Thumb, Back of hand, Hand and Fingers
What do the following terms reference? Gluteal and Pelvic. -
Buttocks and Pelvis
What do the following terms reference? Inguinal, Pubic and Perineal -
Groin, Pubis and Area between anus and external genitals.
What do the following terms reference? Femoral, Patella, Popliteal, Crural and Sural -
Thigh, Front of knee, Back of knee, Shin, and Calf
What do the following terms reference? Pedal, Tarsal, Dorsum (when reference to Foot,)
Plantar, Calcaneal and Hallux -
Foot, Ankle, top of the foot, sole of the foot, heel, and Big toe.
Define the following anatomical positions: Anterior vs Posterior -
Towards the front vs Towards the back
Define the following anatomical positions: Superior vs Inferior -
1|Page
, Towards the head vs Towards the foot
Define the following anatomical positions: Medial vs Lateral -
Towards the midline vs Away from the Midline
Define the following anatomical positions: Proximal vs Distal -
Closer to the Trunk of the body vs Farther from the trunk of the body
Define the following Anatomical Planes: Sagittal (median,) Frontal (coronal,) and
Transverse. -
Divides between Right and Left halves, Divides between front and posterior halves,
Divides between upper and lower halves.
Path of airflow in Respiratory system -
Nose/Mouth/Nostrils> Nasal/Oral Cavity > Pharynx (Throat) > Larynx (Voice
Box) > Trachea > Main Bronchi > Bronchioles > Terminal bronchiole > Alveoli (where gas
exchange occurs with blood capillaries.)
Name some factors that affect the respiratory system. -
Cigarettes, Pollution, Allergies, Inflammation and Diseases: Pneumonia, Bronchitis
and Asthma.
Inhalation vs. Exhalation (Difference in Diaphragm action, volume and pressure.) -
Inhalation: The action of breathing in. Diaphragm CONTRACTS DOWN. Volume
Increases and Pressure Decreases.
Exhalation: The action of breathing out. Diaphragm RELAXES UP. Volume decreases and
Pressure increases.
What Kind of Cells are in Alveoli? -
Epithelial cells line the Alveoli. These cells are thin enough for CO2 and O2 to
exchange.
What is pulmonary surfactant and what does it do? -
surface active substance which coats the alveoli and reduces surface tension.
Prevents your lungs from collapsing.
What is diffusion? -
The movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low
concentration.
Acidosis vs Alkalosis (Respiratory) -
Acidosis is low pH in the blood (aka pH is below 7.4, aka CO2 levels are too high,
aka too many H+ atoms in your blood, aka Blood is too acidic.)
Alkalosis is High pH in the blood (aka pH is above 7.4, aka O2 levels are too high, aka too
many OH- atoms in your blood, aka Blood is too Basic.)
What happens in the heart during Systole vs during Diastole? -
Contraction of the heart. Pressure in the heart is HIGHEST during Systole. LUB.
2|Page
, Relaxation of the heart. Pressure in the heart is LOWEST during Diastole. DUB.
What kind of cells are only found in the heart? Why are they special? -
Cardiomyocytes make up cardiac tissue/muscle (or myocardium.) They contain
intercalated discs which prevent separation and help the cells act in unison. Cardiomyocytes
contain Sarcomeres. Although they are striated like skeletal muscle cells, cardiac muscle cells
are not as long and only contain 1-2 nuclei.
What are the four chambers in the heart? -
right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle
Arteries vs Veins vs Capillaries -
Arteries- Thick-walled (to withstand high pressure.) Smooth. Transports
oxygenated blood AWAY FROM HEART.* (*one exemption: pulmonary arteries carry
deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs.)
Veins- Thin-walled (under Low pressure.) Contain flaps to prevent backflow. Transports
Deoxygenated blood TO the heart.* ( *one exemption: pulmonary veins carry oxygenated
blood from the lungs to the heart.)
Capillaries: Where gas and nutrient exchange takes place. Able to dilate and contract to
maintain Homoeostasis.
Pacemaker cells -
A group of specialized Cardiac cells located in the right atrium (SA Node) that
sends out initial signal to make the heart muscle contract. They are also found in the AV
Node, bundle of His and Purkinje Fibers. They regulate the heart beat and delay accordingly
to keep the signal moving along at the right "pace."
Describe the Heart's Electrical System pathway -
Sinoatrial (SA) Node> Atrioventricular (AV) Node> Bundle of His> Left/Right
Bundle Branches> Purkinje Fibers. SA node is the primary pacemaker of the heart. Beats
should be between 60-100 beats per minute. Purkinje Fibers are the last pacemaker "resort"
of the heart. The signals of the nodes are all slightly delayed to maintain the correct pace in
the heart.
Describe the blood flow through the heart starting at the R Atrium -
R atrium > Tricuspid valve > R ventricle > Pulmonary Semilunar valve >
Pulmonary artery > Lungs> Pulmonary veins > L atrium > Mitral/Bicuspid valve > L
ventricle > Aortic valve > aorta > Arteries> Body> Capillaries>Veins> Inferior/Superior
Vena Cava.
Blood composition (with percentages.) -
55%= Plasma
45%= Erythrocytes (red blood cells,)
Approx. 1%= Leukocytes (white blood cells,) and platelets.
What is plasma? -
3|Page
