NURS 5315 UTA etExam 1: Concept and Clinical Complication
1. Action Potential: Hypokalemia leads to what complications: Potassium
leaves the cell leaving behind negative anions, cell hyperpolarizes making the
cell more negative and therefore less excitable
CC: Weakness, Smooth Muscle atony, parathesias (pins and needles), Cardiac
dysrythmias
2. Action Potential: Hyperkalemia lead to what complications: Increased
potassium will come into the cell and make it more positive, depolarization will
occur taking the RMP closer to the Threshold potential. This makes cells more
excitable.
CC: Peak T waves, Widening QRS Complex, paralysis, paresthesia, weakness,
cardiac dysrhythmia
3. Action Potential: Hypercalcemia: High calcium (Ca2+) decreases the cells
permeability to Na+ ions. Cell becomes less positive. Hyper polarized and less
excitable
CC: Weakness, hyporeflexia, fatigue, lethargy, confusion, encephalopathy,
Shorted
QT segment, Depressed widened T waves
4. Action Potential: Hypocalcemia: Less Calcium leads to more per i ability of
Na+ ions into the cell. The cell becomes more positive and depolarizes. Closed
to threshold potential means more excitable cells.
CC: Tetany (involuntary contraction of muscle), hyperreflexia, circumoral
paresthesia, seizures, dysrythmias
5. Atrophy: CC: Decreased muscle size due to lack of exercise or bed ridden,
reduced thymus in children as they grow
6. Hypertrophy: Physiologic: Increased muscle size when exercising
Pathologic: cardiomegaly in HTN, kidney growth when one kidney is removed 7.
Hyperplasia: Physiologic: Liver regeneration after resection, uterine and
mammary gland enlargement in pregnancy
Pathologic: Endometrial lining in response to estrogen (Endometrial Cancer)
, .
8. Metaplasia: Pathologic: Chronic Smokers Columnar cells to Squamous cells,
Barrett Esophagus (Normal squamous epithelial cells replaced by columnar
cells) in response to heart burn, GERD
9. Dysplasia: Dysplastic cells of the cervix during a papsmear, pre cancerous
10. Sickle Cell Anemia can cause what type of cell injury?: Hypoxic injury
11 A decrease in the production of red blood cells happens with what type of
conditions?: Iron Deficiency Anemia
Leukemia
12. Hypoxic injury of the muscle cells including the heart will release which
enzyme?: Creatinine Kinase
13. Hypoxic injury if the muscle cells, liver cells, lung cells, heart, RBC, and
brain will release which enzyme?: LDH (Lactate Dehydrogenase)
14. What free radical plays a part in all of the following conditions: Heart
Disease, Alzheimer's Disease, Parkinson's Disease, Amyotrophic Lateral
Sclerosis: Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)
15. What are examples of Antioxidants that can fight against Reactive
Oxygen Species (ROS)?: Antioxidants, Vitamin E, Vitamin C, beta carotene,
flavonoids, cysteine, glutathione, albumin, ceruloplasmin and transferrin
16. Alcohols consumption leads to what type of damage?:
Liver damage Nutritional deficiencies
Wernicke Encephalopathy
Peripheral neuropathy
Korsakoff Psychosis
17. What supplements would you recommend for someone struggling with
ethanol abuse?: Folic acid, magnesium, vitamin B6, thiamine, and phosphorus
18. Acetaldehyde from Ethanol is responsible for what type of cancer?: Head
and neck cancers
19. Lead decreases the uptake of what elements?: Zinc (Zn) Iron (Fe)
Magnesium (Mg)
Vitamin D
20. Lead can lead to what clinical conditions?: Neurological Issues
Multiple sclerosis MS
Reproductive issues Dental
Issues
21. Mercury leads to the overproduction of _____ and leads to what type
of Cellular death?: 1. Nitric oxide
1. Action Potential: Hypokalemia leads to what complications: Potassium
leaves the cell leaving behind negative anions, cell hyperpolarizes making the
cell more negative and therefore less excitable
CC: Weakness, Smooth Muscle atony, parathesias (pins and needles), Cardiac
dysrythmias
2. Action Potential: Hyperkalemia lead to what complications: Increased
potassium will come into the cell and make it more positive, depolarization will
occur taking the RMP closer to the Threshold potential. This makes cells more
excitable.
CC: Peak T waves, Widening QRS Complex, paralysis, paresthesia, weakness,
cardiac dysrhythmia
3. Action Potential: Hypercalcemia: High calcium (Ca2+) decreases the cells
permeability to Na+ ions. Cell becomes less positive. Hyper polarized and less
excitable
CC: Weakness, hyporeflexia, fatigue, lethargy, confusion, encephalopathy,
Shorted
QT segment, Depressed widened T waves
4. Action Potential: Hypocalcemia: Less Calcium leads to more per i ability of
Na+ ions into the cell. The cell becomes more positive and depolarizes. Closed
to threshold potential means more excitable cells.
CC: Tetany (involuntary contraction of muscle), hyperreflexia, circumoral
paresthesia, seizures, dysrythmias
5. Atrophy: CC: Decreased muscle size due to lack of exercise or bed ridden,
reduced thymus in children as they grow
6. Hypertrophy: Physiologic: Increased muscle size when exercising
Pathologic: cardiomegaly in HTN, kidney growth when one kidney is removed 7.
Hyperplasia: Physiologic: Liver regeneration after resection, uterine and
mammary gland enlargement in pregnancy
Pathologic: Endometrial lining in response to estrogen (Endometrial Cancer)
, .
8. Metaplasia: Pathologic: Chronic Smokers Columnar cells to Squamous cells,
Barrett Esophagus (Normal squamous epithelial cells replaced by columnar
cells) in response to heart burn, GERD
9. Dysplasia: Dysplastic cells of the cervix during a papsmear, pre cancerous
10. Sickle Cell Anemia can cause what type of cell injury?: Hypoxic injury
11 A decrease in the production of red blood cells happens with what type of
conditions?: Iron Deficiency Anemia
Leukemia
12. Hypoxic injury of the muscle cells including the heart will release which
enzyme?: Creatinine Kinase
13. Hypoxic injury if the muscle cells, liver cells, lung cells, heart, RBC, and
brain will release which enzyme?: LDH (Lactate Dehydrogenase)
14. What free radical plays a part in all of the following conditions: Heart
Disease, Alzheimer's Disease, Parkinson's Disease, Amyotrophic Lateral
Sclerosis: Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)
15. What are examples of Antioxidants that can fight against Reactive
Oxygen Species (ROS)?: Antioxidants, Vitamin E, Vitamin C, beta carotene,
flavonoids, cysteine, glutathione, albumin, ceruloplasmin and transferrin
16. Alcohols consumption leads to what type of damage?:
Liver damage Nutritional deficiencies
Wernicke Encephalopathy
Peripheral neuropathy
Korsakoff Psychosis
17. What supplements would you recommend for someone struggling with
ethanol abuse?: Folic acid, magnesium, vitamin B6, thiamine, and phosphorus
18. Acetaldehyde from Ethanol is responsible for what type of cancer?: Head
and neck cancers
19. Lead decreases the uptake of what elements?: Zinc (Zn) Iron (Fe)
Magnesium (Mg)
Vitamin D
20. Lead can lead to what clinical conditions?: Neurological Issues
Multiple sclerosis MS
Reproductive issues Dental
Issues
21. Mercury leads to the overproduction of _____ and leads to what type
of Cellular death?: 1. Nitric oxide
