WGU D398 INTRODUCTION TO
PHARMACOLOGY EXAM 1 2025 QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS GRADED A+(VERIFIED)
Define Pharmacology
the study of drugs
-Toxicology (study of environmental toxins)
-therapeutics: 2 subtypes--> (use a drug to treat a disease)
1. pharmacodynamics (what a drug does to the body)
2. pharmacokinetics (what the body does to a drug, absorb, distribute etc)
what is a drug
any chemical that changes the processes of living
Drug Nomenclature
Chemical name: N-Acetyl-p-aminophenol (development stage)
,Generic Name: Acetominophen (easier to pronounce and remember) *only 1
generic name. They all have the same suffix.
Trade name: Tylenol (can be numerous trade names)
Drug Resources
1. physicians desk reference (PDR)
2. Nursing drug guides (mosby's' et al.)
3. Online resources (epocrates.com)
What is a receptor? 5 components
1. some component on or inside a cell that substances can bind
2. Most drugs and endogenous substances bind receptors
3. Most protein based
4. Lock and key (structurally match up to receptor)
5. Receptor Subtypes (ex: ACH-nicotinic receptor: recognizes both autonomic
ganglion and skeletal muscle, but can make one that only recognizes on area)
,Types of Receptors
1. Receptors located on the cell surface
2. Intracellular Receptors
-Cytosolic receptors
-Nuclear receptors
Why have receptors on the cell surface?
Majority of hormones are not have able to cross the membrane through diffusion,
so they have to bind to a receptor on the surface to get into the cell.
They are not lipid soluble.
most hormones and neurostransmitters are lipid INSOLUBLE, so they need
receptors to bring them into the cell.
Receptors on the cell surface
Communication of hormones and receptors.
, 1. Receptors are linked to ion channels. They control the opening of it. (Ex:
acetylcholine is able to get Na+ into the cell by initiating opening of ion channels
when it binds)
2. receptors linked to enzymes (ex: insulin or GH, bind to receptor on surface and
causes the enzymatic portion to produce changes within the cell. *Picture ^)
3. Receptors linked to second messengers
(Both use G proteins: Adenylate Cyclase System, IP3 system)
Second Messenger System
Adenylate Cyclase steps
1. hormone binds to the specific receptor (1st messenger) *The receptor must be
COUPLED to the G protein to work.
2. Causes GTP to bind to protien
3. Causes G protein to move away from receptor through the membrane until it
encounters an enzyme
4. the enzyme is adylte. cyclase
5. ad cly. takesATP and convert it to cyclic ATP
6 .CYClic ATP is our second messenger.
7. Cyclic ATP activates an enzyme and triggers responses of the target cell.
PHARMACOLOGY EXAM 1 2025 QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS GRADED A+(VERIFIED)
Define Pharmacology
the study of drugs
-Toxicology (study of environmental toxins)
-therapeutics: 2 subtypes--> (use a drug to treat a disease)
1. pharmacodynamics (what a drug does to the body)
2. pharmacokinetics (what the body does to a drug, absorb, distribute etc)
what is a drug
any chemical that changes the processes of living
Drug Nomenclature
Chemical name: N-Acetyl-p-aminophenol (development stage)
,Generic Name: Acetominophen (easier to pronounce and remember) *only 1
generic name. They all have the same suffix.
Trade name: Tylenol (can be numerous trade names)
Drug Resources
1. physicians desk reference (PDR)
2. Nursing drug guides (mosby's' et al.)
3. Online resources (epocrates.com)
What is a receptor? 5 components
1. some component on or inside a cell that substances can bind
2. Most drugs and endogenous substances bind receptors
3. Most protein based
4. Lock and key (structurally match up to receptor)
5. Receptor Subtypes (ex: ACH-nicotinic receptor: recognizes both autonomic
ganglion and skeletal muscle, but can make one that only recognizes on area)
,Types of Receptors
1. Receptors located on the cell surface
2. Intracellular Receptors
-Cytosolic receptors
-Nuclear receptors
Why have receptors on the cell surface?
Majority of hormones are not have able to cross the membrane through diffusion,
so they have to bind to a receptor on the surface to get into the cell.
They are not lipid soluble.
most hormones and neurostransmitters are lipid INSOLUBLE, so they need
receptors to bring them into the cell.
Receptors on the cell surface
Communication of hormones and receptors.
, 1. Receptors are linked to ion channels. They control the opening of it. (Ex:
acetylcholine is able to get Na+ into the cell by initiating opening of ion channels
when it binds)
2. receptors linked to enzymes (ex: insulin or GH, bind to receptor on surface and
causes the enzymatic portion to produce changes within the cell. *Picture ^)
3. Receptors linked to second messengers
(Both use G proteins: Adenylate Cyclase System, IP3 system)
Second Messenger System
Adenylate Cyclase steps
1. hormone binds to the specific receptor (1st messenger) *The receptor must be
COUPLED to the G protein to work.
2. Causes GTP to bind to protien
3. Causes G protein to move away from receptor through the membrane until it
encounters an enzyme
4. the enzyme is adylte. cyclase
5. ad cly. takesATP and convert it to cyclic ATP
6 .CYClic ATP is our second messenger.
7. Cyclic ATP activates an enzyme and triggers responses of the target cell.
