AUD 643 Exam 1 With 100% Complete
types of sources - ANSWER primary: first hand testimony
secondary: describe the findings of studies completed by others.
clinically translatable research - ANSWER systematic reviews and meta-analyses
randomized controlled and double blind studies
cohort studies
case control studies
systematic reviews and meta-analyses - ANSWER SR: collects and summarizes findings
of studies
MA: combines results form all studies and analyzes the data together
drawbacks: rarely find conclusive agreement, authors can include or exclude studies
that don't support their idea, studies are more often published if they show an effect
randomized controlled studies - ANSWER members of community are randomly
assigned to different treatment groups.
randomization increases likelihood that differences between groups is truly from
treatment
drawbacks: can be unethical for certain types of treatments
double blind studies - ANSWER neither the subject tor physician know who is in the
groups which minimizes bias
drawbacks: not possible for some types of treatment
cohort studies - ANSWER longitudinal study where a group is followed over a period of
time
drawbacks: take a long time, factors may influence the results, and participants may
change over time
case control studies - ANSWER have population of interest and you ask history
questions which then is compared to answers from general population. done quickly
and doesn't require special methods
drawbacks: less reliable and correlation does not equal causation!!!
other types of study - ANSWER -case series: collections of individual cases which has no
,validity or control group
-ideas/opinions: may base opinion on research, but it itself is not research which can be
biased
-animal research: controlled studies on animals that may not be possible on humans and
can provide a good background on the nature of a disease disorder but the results may
not be translatable to humans.
-in vitro research: laboratory testing which can be less expensive and faster but cannot
always translate to human results.
parts of a research article - ANSWER introduction/background: highlights gap in
knowledge
methods: participants, equipment, procedures
results: descriptive stats and comparisons between conditions
discussion: summarize results and confirm/refute hypothesis
conclusion: summary of important findings
pure tone audiogram - ANSWER tells us about hearing sensitivity
not about hearing comprehension, tinnitus, disorders, listening ability, etc
speech testing - ANSWER types: SRT, WRS, QuickSIN
what do they show: if you would do well with amplification, identifies asymmetry when
tested at loud level, cross checks PTA
Tympanometry Normative Adult Values - ANSWER max admittance: .25 to 1.7
middle ear pressure: >-150
ear canal volume: 0.3 to 2.0
Types of OAEs - ANSWER spontaneous: very fine pure tones
transient evoked: click stimulus
distortion product: determine with SNR and absolute amplitude
auditory brainstem response - ANSWER occurs within first 8 msec of stimulus onset.
-objective test that occurs in succession with the nuclei in the auditory pathways up to
the brainstem.
-we expect excitation at a certain time after the stimulus
-ABR waves: cochlear microphonic, wave 1 (auditory nerve), wave 2 (aud nerve), wave 3
, (cochlear nucleus), wave 4 (SOC), wave 5 (lateral lemniscus), wave 6 (possibly MGB)
What percentage of IHCs can be knocked out and still get a normal audiogram? -
ANSWER 80%
nHL - ANSWER neural hearing level
threshold vs retrocochlear ABR - ANSWER threshold: find/confirm peripheral hearing
sensitivity
retrocochlear: find lesions in nerve and higher auditory pathway.
Same test, different protocol
parameters measured on retrocochlear ABRs - ANSWER absolute latencies: 1,3,5
waves
interwave latencies: 1-3, 3-5, and 1-5 waves
inter-aural latency: bilateral difference of wave 5
*latency: time elapsed
middle latency response - ANSWER -provides info about integrity of auditory
thalamocortical pathway
-thalamus is the relay station
late potentials (N1, P2, P3) - ANSWER -generated by auditory cortex
-finding if the patient can objectively detect an auditory "oddball" stimulus.
-P3 test can go all the way up but it's not clinical sound
X-ray - ANSWER form of electromagnetic radiation where more energy is used so it can
pass through structures
-very limited view
types of sources - ANSWER primary: first hand testimony
secondary: describe the findings of studies completed by others.
clinically translatable research - ANSWER systematic reviews and meta-analyses
randomized controlled and double blind studies
cohort studies
case control studies
systematic reviews and meta-analyses - ANSWER SR: collects and summarizes findings
of studies
MA: combines results form all studies and analyzes the data together
drawbacks: rarely find conclusive agreement, authors can include or exclude studies
that don't support their idea, studies are more often published if they show an effect
randomized controlled studies - ANSWER members of community are randomly
assigned to different treatment groups.
randomization increases likelihood that differences between groups is truly from
treatment
drawbacks: can be unethical for certain types of treatments
double blind studies - ANSWER neither the subject tor physician know who is in the
groups which minimizes bias
drawbacks: not possible for some types of treatment
cohort studies - ANSWER longitudinal study where a group is followed over a period of
time
drawbacks: take a long time, factors may influence the results, and participants may
change over time
case control studies - ANSWER have population of interest and you ask history
questions which then is compared to answers from general population. done quickly
and doesn't require special methods
drawbacks: less reliable and correlation does not equal causation!!!
other types of study - ANSWER -case series: collections of individual cases which has no
,validity or control group
-ideas/opinions: may base opinion on research, but it itself is not research which can be
biased
-animal research: controlled studies on animals that may not be possible on humans and
can provide a good background on the nature of a disease disorder but the results may
not be translatable to humans.
-in vitro research: laboratory testing which can be less expensive and faster but cannot
always translate to human results.
parts of a research article - ANSWER introduction/background: highlights gap in
knowledge
methods: participants, equipment, procedures
results: descriptive stats and comparisons between conditions
discussion: summarize results and confirm/refute hypothesis
conclusion: summary of important findings
pure tone audiogram - ANSWER tells us about hearing sensitivity
not about hearing comprehension, tinnitus, disorders, listening ability, etc
speech testing - ANSWER types: SRT, WRS, QuickSIN
what do they show: if you would do well with amplification, identifies asymmetry when
tested at loud level, cross checks PTA
Tympanometry Normative Adult Values - ANSWER max admittance: .25 to 1.7
middle ear pressure: >-150
ear canal volume: 0.3 to 2.0
Types of OAEs - ANSWER spontaneous: very fine pure tones
transient evoked: click stimulus
distortion product: determine with SNR and absolute amplitude
auditory brainstem response - ANSWER occurs within first 8 msec of stimulus onset.
-objective test that occurs in succession with the nuclei in the auditory pathways up to
the brainstem.
-we expect excitation at a certain time after the stimulus
-ABR waves: cochlear microphonic, wave 1 (auditory nerve), wave 2 (aud nerve), wave 3
, (cochlear nucleus), wave 4 (SOC), wave 5 (lateral lemniscus), wave 6 (possibly MGB)
What percentage of IHCs can be knocked out and still get a normal audiogram? -
ANSWER 80%
nHL - ANSWER neural hearing level
threshold vs retrocochlear ABR - ANSWER threshold: find/confirm peripheral hearing
sensitivity
retrocochlear: find lesions in nerve and higher auditory pathway.
Same test, different protocol
parameters measured on retrocochlear ABRs - ANSWER absolute latencies: 1,3,5
waves
interwave latencies: 1-3, 3-5, and 1-5 waves
inter-aural latency: bilateral difference of wave 5
*latency: time elapsed
middle latency response - ANSWER -provides info about integrity of auditory
thalamocortical pathway
-thalamus is the relay station
late potentials (N1, P2, P3) - ANSWER -generated by auditory cortex
-finding if the patient can objectively detect an auditory "oddball" stimulus.
-P3 test can go all the way up but it's not clinical sound
X-ray - ANSWER form of electromagnetic radiation where more energy is used so it can
pass through structures
-very limited view
