NUR 2115 Exam 2 Questions GUARANTEE A+ 2025/2026
-Renal function declines --> Leading to _________________, _________________,
____________________, _________________
Mild to no symptoms
May develop azotemia
ESKD - Stages of CKD:
Stage 1-2: ____________________________
Stage 3-4:____________________________
Stage 5:______________________________
125 - Normal GFR?
Stage 1 - Stage of CKD:
GFR: 90 or above
Kidney damage with normal or increased GFR
Stage 2 - Stage of CKD:
GFR: 60-89
Kidney damage with mild decrease in GFR
Stage 3 - Stage of CKD:
GFR: 30-59
Moderate decrease in GFR
Stage 4 - Stage of CKD:
GFR: 15-29
Severe decrease in GFR
,Stage 5 - Stage of CKD:
GFR: Less than 15 or dialysis/ kidney transplant
ESKD or chronic renal failure
Primary Glomerular Disease - Associated Disease Process of CKD:
Diseases that destroy the glomerulus of the kidney
Antigen antibody complexes formed in the blood become trapped in glomerular capillaries, leading to
inflammation and glomerular destruction
Symptoms include: proteinuria, hematuria, decreased GFR, decreased excretion of Na+, edema, and HTN
Nephrosclerosis - Associated Disease Process of CKD:
Hardening of the renal arteries, reducing blood flow to the kidneys
Leads to necrosis of renal parenchyma, fibrosis, and glomerular destruction
Acute Nephritic Syndrome - Primary Glomerular Disease:
Renal failure with glomerular inflammation
Glomerulonephritis - Primary Glomerular Disease:
Inflammation of glomerular capillaries (acute or chronic)
Acute Glomerulonephritis - Associated Disease Process of CKD:
Develops suddenly (days to weeks)
Inflammation of the glomerular capillaries
Caused by previous infections or illnesses- strep throat, viral URI, chicken pox, lupus
Symptoms include: Hematuria, edema , azotemia or proteinuria
,Chronic Glomerulonephritis - Associated Disease Process of CKD:
Develops over time (over months or years)
Repeated insults to the glomeruli causes scar tissue and atrophy of the cortex
Caused by repeated episodes of nephritic syndrome, hypertensive nephrosclerosis, hyperlipidemia,
lupus, goodpasture syndrome, or diabetes
"Silent S&S": HTN, elevated BUN or creatinine, imbalanced electrolytes
Generalized symptoms: Wt. loss, nocturia, headaches, digestive disturbances
Progressive kidney damage: Anemia, poorly nourished, grayish skin color, edema, cardiomegaly,
respiratory (fluid build up)
Nephrotic Syndrome - Associated Disease Process of CKD:
A group of clinical manifestations due to protein wasting through damaged glomeruli
Damaged glomeruli capillaries become permeable to protein resulting in protein loss in the urine
Hypoalbuminemia develops and causes a decrease serum osmotic pressure which causes fluid shift
Caused by diseases that cause damage to the glomerulus and increase glomerular permeability to
plasma proteins
S&S: Edema, proteinuria, mood changes such as irritability, headache and fatigue
Urinalysis - Urine Diagnostic Studies for Renal Failure:
Examination includes: urine color, clarity, odor, pH, specific gravity, and presence of protein, glucose
Urine Culture and Sensitivity - Urine Diagnostic Studies for Renal Failure:
Determines presence and type of bacteria present while also identifying which antimicrobial therapy is
effective in treating bacteria
, Take a few days to come back
Renal Function or 24 hour urine test - Urine Diagnostic Studies for Renal Failure:
Urine collected in bottles (on ice) for 24 hours
Useful for calculating creatinine clearance, GFR, urine osmolality, Na+ clearance, and other components
of renal function
CBC - Blood Diagnostics for Renal Failure:
Measures type and amount of cells found in the blood such as RBCs, WBCs, and Platelets
CMP or BMP - Blood Diagnostics for Renal Failure:
Measures electrolytes, renal function, and liver enzymes
ABGs - Blood Diagnostics for Renal Failure:
Examines acid-base balance
PTH - Blood Diagnostics for Renal Failure:
Increases as renal function decreases in response to imbalance of Calcium and Phosphorus
KUB - Diagnostics for Renal Failure:
X-ray of the abdomen or kidneys, ureter, and bladder
US - Diagnostics for Renal Failure:
Looks for abnormalities of fluid accumulation, masses, changes in organ size
CT or MRI - Diagnostics for Renal Failure:
Provides a more detailed image than US
Patient may need an oral or IV contrast agent
-Renal function declines --> Leading to _________________, _________________,
____________________, _________________
Mild to no symptoms
May develop azotemia
ESKD - Stages of CKD:
Stage 1-2: ____________________________
Stage 3-4:____________________________
Stage 5:______________________________
125 - Normal GFR?
Stage 1 - Stage of CKD:
GFR: 90 or above
Kidney damage with normal or increased GFR
Stage 2 - Stage of CKD:
GFR: 60-89
Kidney damage with mild decrease in GFR
Stage 3 - Stage of CKD:
GFR: 30-59
Moderate decrease in GFR
Stage 4 - Stage of CKD:
GFR: 15-29
Severe decrease in GFR
,Stage 5 - Stage of CKD:
GFR: Less than 15 or dialysis/ kidney transplant
ESKD or chronic renal failure
Primary Glomerular Disease - Associated Disease Process of CKD:
Diseases that destroy the glomerulus of the kidney
Antigen antibody complexes formed in the blood become trapped in glomerular capillaries, leading to
inflammation and glomerular destruction
Symptoms include: proteinuria, hematuria, decreased GFR, decreased excretion of Na+, edema, and HTN
Nephrosclerosis - Associated Disease Process of CKD:
Hardening of the renal arteries, reducing blood flow to the kidneys
Leads to necrosis of renal parenchyma, fibrosis, and glomerular destruction
Acute Nephritic Syndrome - Primary Glomerular Disease:
Renal failure with glomerular inflammation
Glomerulonephritis - Primary Glomerular Disease:
Inflammation of glomerular capillaries (acute or chronic)
Acute Glomerulonephritis - Associated Disease Process of CKD:
Develops suddenly (days to weeks)
Inflammation of the glomerular capillaries
Caused by previous infections or illnesses- strep throat, viral URI, chicken pox, lupus
Symptoms include: Hematuria, edema , azotemia or proteinuria
,Chronic Glomerulonephritis - Associated Disease Process of CKD:
Develops over time (over months or years)
Repeated insults to the glomeruli causes scar tissue and atrophy of the cortex
Caused by repeated episodes of nephritic syndrome, hypertensive nephrosclerosis, hyperlipidemia,
lupus, goodpasture syndrome, or diabetes
"Silent S&S": HTN, elevated BUN or creatinine, imbalanced electrolytes
Generalized symptoms: Wt. loss, nocturia, headaches, digestive disturbances
Progressive kidney damage: Anemia, poorly nourished, grayish skin color, edema, cardiomegaly,
respiratory (fluid build up)
Nephrotic Syndrome - Associated Disease Process of CKD:
A group of clinical manifestations due to protein wasting through damaged glomeruli
Damaged glomeruli capillaries become permeable to protein resulting in protein loss in the urine
Hypoalbuminemia develops and causes a decrease serum osmotic pressure which causes fluid shift
Caused by diseases that cause damage to the glomerulus and increase glomerular permeability to
plasma proteins
S&S: Edema, proteinuria, mood changes such as irritability, headache and fatigue
Urinalysis - Urine Diagnostic Studies for Renal Failure:
Examination includes: urine color, clarity, odor, pH, specific gravity, and presence of protein, glucose
Urine Culture and Sensitivity - Urine Diagnostic Studies for Renal Failure:
Determines presence and type of bacteria present while also identifying which antimicrobial therapy is
effective in treating bacteria
, Take a few days to come back
Renal Function or 24 hour urine test - Urine Diagnostic Studies for Renal Failure:
Urine collected in bottles (on ice) for 24 hours
Useful for calculating creatinine clearance, GFR, urine osmolality, Na+ clearance, and other components
of renal function
CBC - Blood Diagnostics for Renal Failure:
Measures type and amount of cells found in the blood such as RBCs, WBCs, and Platelets
CMP or BMP - Blood Diagnostics for Renal Failure:
Measures electrolytes, renal function, and liver enzymes
ABGs - Blood Diagnostics for Renal Failure:
Examines acid-base balance
PTH - Blood Diagnostics for Renal Failure:
Increases as renal function decreases in response to imbalance of Calcium and Phosphorus
KUB - Diagnostics for Renal Failure:
X-ray of the abdomen or kidneys, ureter, and bladder
US - Diagnostics for Renal Failure:
Looks for abnormalities of fluid accumulation, masses, changes in organ size
CT or MRI - Diagnostics for Renal Failure:
Provides a more detailed image than US
Patient may need an oral or IV contrast agent
