2025 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL
EXAM GALEN COLLEGE LATEST
UPDATED 285 QUESTIONS WITH
CORRECT VERIFIED ANSWERS
(EXPERT SOLVED)
1. A client with diabetes and severe peripheral vascular disease has developed
signs of dry gangrene on the great toe of one foot. The client asks, "How this
can happen?" Which of the following pathophysiologic processes should the
nurse explain to this client? "More than likely, your gangrene is caused by:
A. Bacterial invasion into the foot and toe."
B. Inappropriate activation of apoptosis, which means death of your cells."
C. Metaplastic cellular changes in your toe."
D. Impaired arterial blood supply to your toe.": D. Impaired arterial blood
supply to your toe
2. A client has experienced significant decreases in mobility and stamina
during a 3-week hospital stay for the treatment of a femoral head fracture.
Which of the following phenomena most likely accounts for the client's
decrease in muscle function?
A. Ischemic atrophy resulting from vascular changes while on bedrest
B. Disuse atrophy of muscle cells during a prolonged period of immobility
C. Impaired muscle cell metabolism resulting from metaplasia
D. Dysplasia as a consequence of inflammation during bone remodeling: B.
Disuse atrophy of muscle cells during a prolonged period of immobility
,3. A client presents for a scheduled Papanicolaou (Pap) smear. The clinician
who will interpret the smear will examine cell samples for evidence of:
A. Changes in cell shape, size, and organization
B. The presence of unexpected cell types
C. Ischemic changes in cell samples
D. Abnormally high numbers of cells in a specified field: A. Changes in cell
shape, size, and organization
4. What is defined as programmed cell death?: apoptosis
5. A nursing student is cleaning and changing the dressing on a client's sacral
ulcer. The student has vigorously cleansed the wound bed to remove all
traces of the beefy, red tissue that existed in the wound bed. The student
has most likely removed:
A. The extracellular matrix
B. Granulation tissue
C. Stem cells
D. Necrotic tissue: B. Granulation tissue
6. A client has arrived in the emergency department with massive blood loss
from a lacerated liver. Knowing the physiological principles behind the
capacity for cells to regenerate, the client's body will likely:
A. Stimulate rapid proliferation of RBCs by the blood-forming progenitor
cells of the bone marrow
B. Pull fluid from the tissues to maintain a reasonable blood pressure
C. Activate the tissue cells to start producing stem cells
D. Begin a cell cycle so stem cells can undergo numerous mitotic divisions: A.
Stimulate rapid proliferation of RBCs by the blood-forming progenitor cells of
the bone marrow
7. A 40-year-old female has been diagnosed with hepatocellular carcinoma.
When asked what causes this cancer, the physician looks at the history and
responds, "I see in your history, you have had:
A. Hepatitis B related to IV drug use as a teenager."
B. Three miscarriages with no live births."
C. Numerous admissions for COPD exacerbations requiring steroids."
D. Your uterus and ovaries removed for endometriosis.": A. Hepatitis B
related to IV drug use as a teenager
,8. During a lecture on inflammation, the physiology instructor discusses the
major cellular components involved in the inflammation response. The
instructor asks, "Which of the following cells arrives early in great
numbers?" The student with the correct response is:
A. Basophils
B. Lymphocytes
C. Neutrophils
D. Monocytes: C. Neutrophils
9. Which of the following clients is most likely to experience impaired wound
healing?
A. A child whose severe cleft lip and palate have required a series of
surgeries over several months
B. A client with a diagnosis of type 1 diabetes and a history of poor blood
sugar control
C. A client with persistent hypertension who takes a ²-adrenergic blocker
and a potassium-wasting diuretic daily
D. A client who takes nebulized bronchodilators several times daily to treat
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: B. A client with a diagnosis of type 1
diabetes and a history of poor blood sugar control
10. A client has experienced a myocardial infarction with accompanying
necrosis of cardiac muscle, a permanent tissue. What are the ramifications of
the fact that cardiac muscle is a permanent tissue?
A. The necrotic cells will be replaced with muscle cells that have limited
metabolism.
B. The cardiac muscle cells will remain perpetually in the G1 stage of mitosis.
C. Regeneration of the client's cardiac muscle will be exceptionally slow.
D. The cells will not proliferate and will be replaced with scar tissue.: D. The
cells will not proliferate and will be replaced with scar tissue
11. Which of the following dietary guidelines should a nurse provide to a
group of older adults to possibly decrease their risks of developing colon
cancer?
A. "Regular vitamin supplements and a low-carbohydrate diet are
beneficial."
B. "As much as possible, try to eat organic foods."
, C. "Eat enough fiber in your diet that you have bowel movement at least once
daily."
D. "Try to minimize fat and maximize fiber when you're planning your
meals."-
: D. "Try to minimize fat and maximize fiber when you're planning your meals."
12. A client had a positive Pap smear. The surgeon diagnosed "cancer in situ
of the cervix." The client asks, "What does this mean?" From the following
statements, which is most appropriate in response to this question? The
tumor has:
A. Not crossed the basement membrane, so it can be surgically removed with
little chance of growing back
B. Been walled off within a strong fibrous capsule
C. Developed a distant infiltration
D. Grown undifferentiated cells that no longer look like the tissue from which
it arose: A. Not crossed the basement membrane, so it can be surgically
removed with little chance of growing back
13. A breast cancer client has just learned that her tumor clinical stage is T3,
N2, M0. After the physician leaves, the client asks the nurse to explain this to
her again. The nurse will use which of the following statements in his or her
answer? Your:
A. Extent of disease is unknown, but it looks like your cancer has stayed intact
and not spread to the bloodstream.
B. Tumor has metastasized to at least three distal sites and you have cancer
in your lymph nodes.
C. Tumor is large and at least two lymph nodes are positive for cancer cells.
D. Tumor is very small and has zero number of mitoses.: C. Tumor is large and
at least two lymph nodes are positive for cancer cells.
14. A client with diabetes has impaired sensation, circulation, and
oxygenation of his feet. He steps on a piece of glass, the wound does not heal,
and the tissue area becomes necrotic. The necrotic cell death is characterized
by:
A. Shrinkage and collapse
B. Rapid apoptosis
C. Chronic inflammation
EXAM GALEN COLLEGE LATEST
UPDATED 285 QUESTIONS WITH
CORRECT VERIFIED ANSWERS
(EXPERT SOLVED)
1. A client with diabetes and severe peripheral vascular disease has developed
signs of dry gangrene on the great toe of one foot. The client asks, "How this
can happen?" Which of the following pathophysiologic processes should the
nurse explain to this client? "More than likely, your gangrene is caused by:
A. Bacterial invasion into the foot and toe."
B. Inappropriate activation of apoptosis, which means death of your cells."
C. Metaplastic cellular changes in your toe."
D. Impaired arterial blood supply to your toe.": D. Impaired arterial blood
supply to your toe
2. A client has experienced significant decreases in mobility and stamina
during a 3-week hospital stay for the treatment of a femoral head fracture.
Which of the following phenomena most likely accounts for the client's
decrease in muscle function?
A. Ischemic atrophy resulting from vascular changes while on bedrest
B. Disuse atrophy of muscle cells during a prolonged period of immobility
C. Impaired muscle cell metabolism resulting from metaplasia
D. Dysplasia as a consequence of inflammation during bone remodeling: B.
Disuse atrophy of muscle cells during a prolonged period of immobility
,3. A client presents for a scheduled Papanicolaou (Pap) smear. The clinician
who will interpret the smear will examine cell samples for evidence of:
A. Changes in cell shape, size, and organization
B. The presence of unexpected cell types
C. Ischemic changes in cell samples
D. Abnormally high numbers of cells in a specified field: A. Changes in cell
shape, size, and organization
4. What is defined as programmed cell death?: apoptosis
5. A nursing student is cleaning and changing the dressing on a client's sacral
ulcer. The student has vigorously cleansed the wound bed to remove all
traces of the beefy, red tissue that existed in the wound bed. The student
has most likely removed:
A. The extracellular matrix
B. Granulation tissue
C. Stem cells
D. Necrotic tissue: B. Granulation tissue
6. A client has arrived in the emergency department with massive blood loss
from a lacerated liver. Knowing the physiological principles behind the
capacity for cells to regenerate, the client's body will likely:
A. Stimulate rapid proliferation of RBCs by the blood-forming progenitor
cells of the bone marrow
B. Pull fluid from the tissues to maintain a reasonable blood pressure
C. Activate the tissue cells to start producing stem cells
D. Begin a cell cycle so stem cells can undergo numerous mitotic divisions: A.
Stimulate rapid proliferation of RBCs by the blood-forming progenitor cells of
the bone marrow
7. A 40-year-old female has been diagnosed with hepatocellular carcinoma.
When asked what causes this cancer, the physician looks at the history and
responds, "I see in your history, you have had:
A. Hepatitis B related to IV drug use as a teenager."
B. Three miscarriages with no live births."
C. Numerous admissions for COPD exacerbations requiring steroids."
D. Your uterus and ovaries removed for endometriosis.": A. Hepatitis B
related to IV drug use as a teenager
,8. During a lecture on inflammation, the physiology instructor discusses the
major cellular components involved in the inflammation response. The
instructor asks, "Which of the following cells arrives early in great
numbers?" The student with the correct response is:
A. Basophils
B. Lymphocytes
C. Neutrophils
D. Monocytes: C. Neutrophils
9. Which of the following clients is most likely to experience impaired wound
healing?
A. A child whose severe cleft lip and palate have required a series of
surgeries over several months
B. A client with a diagnosis of type 1 diabetes and a history of poor blood
sugar control
C. A client with persistent hypertension who takes a ²-adrenergic blocker
and a potassium-wasting diuretic daily
D. A client who takes nebulized bronchodilators several times daily to treat
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: B. A client with a diagnosis of type 1
diabetes and a history of poor blood sugar control
10. A client has experienced a myocardial infarction with accompanying
necrosis of cardiac muscle, a permanent tissue. What are the ramifications of
the fact that cardiac muscle is a permanent tissue?
A. The necrotic cells will be replaced with muscle cells that have limited
metabolism.
B. The cardiac muscle cells will remain perpetually in the G1 stage of mitosis.
C. Regeneration of the client's cardiac muscle will be exceptionally slow.
D. The cells will not proliferate and will be replaced with scar tissue.: D. The
cells will not proliferate and will be replaced with scar tissue
11. Which of the following dietary guidelines should a nurse provide to a
group of older adults to possibly decrease their risks of developing colon
cancer?
A. "Regular vitamin supplements and a low-carbohydrate diet are
beneficial."
B. "As much as possible, try to eat organic foods."
, C. "Eat enough fiber in your diet that you have bowel movement at least once
daily."
D. "Try to minimize fat and maximize fiber when you're planning your
meals."-
: D. "Try to minimize fat and maximize fiber when you're planning your meals."
12. A client had a positive Pap smear. The surgeon diagnosed "cancer in situ
of the cervix." The client asks, "What does this mean?" From the following
statements, which is most appropriate in response to this question? The
tumor has:
A. Not crossed the basement membrane, so it can be surgically removed with
little chance of growing back
B. Been walled off within a strong fibrous capsule
C. Developed a distant infiltration
D. Grown undifferentiated cells that no longer look like the tissue from which
it arose: A. Not crossed the basement membrane, so it can be surgically
removed with little chance of growing back
13. A breast cancer client has just learned that her tumor clinical stage is T3,
N2, M0. After the physician leaves, the client asks the nurse to explain this to
her again. The nurse will use which of the following statements in his or her
answer? Your:
A. Extent of disease is unknown, but it looks like your cancer has stayed intact
and not spread to the bloodstream.
B. Tumor has metastasized to at least three distal sites and you have cancer
in your lymph nodes.
C. Tumor is large and at least two lymph nodes are positive for cancer cells.
D. Tumor is very small and has zero number of mitoses.: C. Tumor is large and
at least two lymph nodes are positive for cancer cells.
14. A client with diabetes has impaired sensation, circulation, and
oxygenation of his feet. He steps on a piece of glass, the wound does not heal,
and the tissue area becomes necrotic. The necrotic cell death is characterized
by:
A. Shrinkage and collapse
B. Rapid apoptosis
C. Chronic inflammation
