2025 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL
EXAM GALEN COLLEGE LATEST UPDATED
260 QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT VERIFIED
ANSWERS (EXPERT SOLVED)
1. Lead poisoning affects the nervous system by
A. Interfering with the function of neurotransmitters
B. Inhibiting the production of myelin around nerves
C. Increasing the resting membrane potential
D. Altering the transport of potassium into the nerves: A
2. Water movement between the intracellular fluid (ICF) compartment and
the extracellular fluid (ECF) compartment is primarily a function of:
A. Osmotic Forces
B. Plasma Oncotic Pressure
C. Antidiuretic hormone
D. Hydrostatic forces: A
3. Two thirds of the body's water is found in its
a. Interstitial fluid spaces
b. Vascular system
c. Intracellular fluid compartments
d. Intraocular fluids: C
,4. A patient has a history of excessive use of magnesium-containing antacids
and aluminum-containing antacids. What lab value does the healthcare
professional correlate to this behavior? a. Magnesium 1.8 mg/dL
b. Phosphate 1.9 mg/dL
c. Sodium 149 mEq/L
d. Potassium 2.5 mEq/L: B
5. A healthcare professional is caring for four patients. Which patient
should the professional assess for hyperkalemia? a. Hyperparathyroidism
b. Vomiting
c. Renal failure
d. Hyperaldosteronism: C
6. A healthcare professional is caring for four patients. Which patient
should the professional assess for hypermagnesemia as a priority? a.
Hepatitis b. Renal failure
c. Trauma to the hypothalamus d.
Pancreatitis: B 7. Cystic fibrosis is caused by
what type of gene?
a. X-linked dominant
b. X-linked recessive
c. Autosomal dominant
d. Autosomal recessive: D
8. People diagnosed with neurofibromatosis have varying degrees of the
condition because of which genetic principle? a. Penetrance
b. Expressivity
c. Dominance
d. Recessiveness: B
,9. What is the most common cause of Down syndrome?
a. Paternal nondisjunction
b. Maternal translocations
c. Maternal nondisjunction
d. Paternal translocation: C
10. What does activation of the classical pathway begin with? a. Viruses
b. Antigen-antibody complexes c. Mast cells
d. Macrophages: B.
Activation of the classical pathway begins only with the activation of protein C1
and is preceded by the formation of a complex between an antigen and an
antibody to form an antigen-antibody complex (immune complex). Infection
with a virus can lead to the start of the inflammatory process, but is not the
specific activation factor. Mast cells release the contents of their granules to
initiate synthesis of other mediators of inflammation among other actions.
Macrophages are one cell type involved in phagocytosis.
11. In the coagulation (clotting) cascade, the intrinsic and the extrinsic
pathways converge at which factor?
a. XII
b. VII
c. X
d. V: C. The coagulation cascade consists of the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways
that converge only at factor X.
12. What effect does the process of histamine binding to the histamine-2 (H2)
receptor have on inflammation? a. Inhibition
b. Activation
c. Acceleration
, d. Termination: A. Binding histamine to the H2 receptor is generally
antiinflammatory because it results in the suppression of leukocyte function.
Binding to H2 receptors does not cause activation, acceleration, or termination
of the inflammatory process.
13. Frequently when H1 and H2 receptors are located on the same cells, they
act in what fashion? a. Synergistically
b. Additively
c. Antagonistically
d. Agonistically: C. Both types of receptors are distributed among many
different cells and are often present on the same cells and may act in an
antagonistic fashion. For instance, neutrophils express both types of receptors,
with stimulation of H1 receptors resulting in the augmentation of neutrophil
chemotaxis and H2 stimulation resulting in its inhibition. The two receptors
do not act synergistically, additively, or agonistically.
14. What is the inflammatory effect of nitric oxide (NO)?
a. Increases capillary permeability, and causes pain b. Increases neutrophil
chemotaxis and platelet aggregation
c. Causes smooth muscle contraction and fever
d. Decreases mast cell function, and decreases platelet aggregation: D.
Effects of NO on inflammation include vasodilation by inducing relaxation of
vascular smooth muscle, a response that is local and short-lived, and by
suppressing mast cell function, as well as platelet adhesion and aggregation.
NO does not increase capillary permeability and cause pain, increase
neutrophil chemotaxis and platelet aggregation, or cause smooth muscle
contraction and fever.
EXAM GALEN COLLEGE LATEST UPDATED
260 QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT VERIFIED
ANSWERS (EXPERT SOLVED)
1. Lead poisoning affects the nervous system by
A. Interfering with the function of neurotransmitters
B. Inhibiting the production of myelin around nerves
C. Increasing the resting membrane potential
D. Altering the transport of potassium into the nerves: A
2. Water movement between the intracellular fluid (ICF) compartment and
the extracellular fluid (ECF) compartment is primarily a function of:
A. Osmotic Forces
B. Plasma Oncotic Pressure
C. Antidiuretic hormone
D. Hydrostatic forces: A
3. Two thirds of the body's water is found in its
a. Interstitial fluid spaces
b. Vascular system
c. Intracellular fluid compartments
d. Intraocular fluids: C
,4. A patient has a history of excessive use of magnesium-containing antacids
and aluminum-containing antacids. What lab value does the healthcare
professional correlate to this behavior? a. Magnesium 1.8 mg/dL
b. Phosphate 1.9 mg/dL
c. Sodium 149 mEq/L
d. Potassium 2.5 mEq/L: B
5. A healthcare professional is caring for four patients. Which patient
should the professional assess for hyperkalemia? a. Hyperparathyroidism
b. Vomiting
c. Renal failure
d. Hyperaldosteronism: C
6. A healthcare professional is caring for four patients. Which patient
should the professional assess for hypermagnesemia as a priority? a.
Hepatitis b. Renal failure
c. Trauma to the hypothalamus d.
Pancreatitis: B 7. Cystic fibrosis is caused by
what type of gene?
a. X-linked dominant
b. X-linked recessive
c. Autosomal dominant
d. Autosomal recessive: D
8. People diagnosed with neurofibromatosis have varying degrees of the
condition because of which genetic principle? a. Penetrance
b. Expressivity
c. Dominance
d. Recessiveness: B
,9. What is the most common cause of Down syndrome?
a. Paternal nondisjunction
b. Maternal translocations
c. Maternal nondisjunction
d. Paternal translocation: C
10. What does activation of the classical pathway begin with? a. Viruses
b. Antigen-antibody complexes c. Mast cells
d. Macrophages: B.
Activation of the classical pathway begins only with the activation of protein C1
and is preceded by the formation of a complex between an antigen and an
antibody to form an antigen-antibody complex (immune complex). Infection
with a virus can lead to the start of the inflammatory process, but is not the
specific activation factor. Mast cells release the contents of their granules to
initiate synthesis of other mediators of inflammation among other actions.
Macrophages are one cell type involved in phagocytosis.
11. In the coagulation (clotting) cascade, the intrinsic and the extrinsic
pathways converge at which factor?
a. XII
b. VII
c. X
d. V: C. The coagulation cascade consists of the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways
that converge only at factor X.
12. What effect does the process of histamine binding to the histamine-2 (H2)
receptor have on inflammation? a. Inhibition
b. Activation
c. Acceleration
, d. Termination: A. Binding histamine to the H2 receptor is generally
antiinflammatory because it results in the suppression of leukocyte function.
Binding to H2 receptors does not cause activation, acceleration, or termination
of the inflammatory process.
13. Frequently when H1 and H2 receptors are located on the same cells, they
act in what fashion? a. Synergistically
b. Additively
c. Antagonistically
d. Agonistically: C. Both types of receptors are distributed among many
different cells and are often present on the same cells and may act in an
antagonistic fashion. For instance, neutrophils express both types of receptors,
with stimulation of H1 receptors resulting in the augmentation of neutrophil
chemotaxis and H2 stimulation resulting in its inhibition. The two receptors
do not act synergistically, additively, or agonistically.
14. What is the inflammatory effect of nitric oxide (NO)?
a. Increases capillary permeability, and causes pain b. Increases neutrophil
chemotaxis and platelet aggregation
c. Causes smooth muscle contraction and fever
d. Decreases mast cell function, and decreases platelet aggregation: D.
Effects of NO on inflammation include vasodilation by inducing relaxation of
vascular smooth muscle, a response that is local and short-lived, and by
suppressing mast cell function, as well as platelet adhesion and aggregation.
NO does not increase capillary permeability and cause pain, increase
neutrophil chemotaxis and platelet aggregation, or cause smooth muscle
contraction and fever.
