NURS 495 FINAL EXAM STUDY
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS COMPLETE
AND ACCURATE RATED A.
What is osteosarcoma?
- a primary bone tumor that is extremely aggressive and rapidly metastasizes to
distant sites
- 60% of cases occur in people younger than 20 years
- Second peak is 50 to 60 years
What is the patho of osteosarcoma?
- Formation of bone or osteoid tissue
- Produces malignant osteoid (immature bone) from tumor bone cells
- The borders of the tumour are indistinct and merge into adjacent normal bone
What are the clinical manifestations of osteosarcoma?
- Pain and swelling
- Enlarging mass
- Initially pain is slight and intermittent, increases in severity and duration
- Pain worse at night
- Pathological fractures
What is leukemia?
cancer of white blood cells
What is the patho of leukemia?
- accumulation of dysfunctional cells
- Acute leukemia: clonal proliferation of immature hematopoietic cells.
- Chronic leukemia: involve more mature forms of WBCs, and the disease onset is
more gradual.
What are the clinical manifestations of leukemia?
,- Dependent on type of leukemia
- No symptoms early in disease (CLL)
- Fever
- Bleeding
- Anorexia
- Fatigue and weakness
- Infections
- Mouth sores
- Anemia
- Splenomegaly
What are the 4 types of leukemia?
- Acute lymphocytic (ALL)
- Acute myelogenous (AML)
- Chronic lymphocytic (CLL)
- Chronic myelogenous (CML)
What is colorectal cancer?
cancer of the colon or rectum
- increased risk at over 50 years of age
- Increased risk with obesity, smoking, increased consumption of red meat, alcohol
use
What is the patho of colorectal cancer?
- Most begin as adenomatous polyps that arise from the mucosa lining the lumen of
the colon and the rectum.
- cancer progresses down from the tip of the polyp through the body and stalk.
- It becomes invasive and penetrates the muscularis mucosae.
- tumour cells gain access to the regional lymph nodes and the vascular system and
can spread to distant sites.
What are the clinical manifestations of colorectal cancer?
- Usually nonspecific or do not appear until the disease is advanced.
- Rectal bleeding is the most common symptom
- Weakness, fatigue
- Anorexia, weight loss
- Nausea and vomiting
, - Change in bowel habits; alternating diarrhea and constipation, defecation
urgency; feelings of incomplete evacuation
- Abdominal and low back pain
- Iron-deficiency anemia
What is prostate cancer?
- Malignant tumour of the prostate gland
- Most common cancer among men
- >75% of cases occur in men older than age 65
- Consumption of tomatoes and tomato-based products may protect patients
What is the patho of prostate cancer?
-Androgen-dependent adenocarcinoma
- Usually slow growing
- Spread by three routes:
A) through direct extension
B) through the lymph system
C) through the bloodstream
What are the clinical manifestations of prostate cancer?
- Asymptomatic in the early stages
- Symptoms similar to those of BPH
- dysuria
- hesitancy
- dribbling
- frequency
- urgency
- hematuria
- nocturia
- retention
- interruption of urinary stream
- inability to urinate
- Pain during urination
What is lung cancer?
- Cancer of the lungs
- Most preventable cancer
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS COMPLETE
AND ACCURATE RATED A.
What is osteosarcoma?
- a primary bone tumor that is extremely aggressive and rapidly metastasizes to
distant sites
- 60% of cases occur in people younger than 20 years
- Second peak is 50 to 60 years
What is the patho of osteosarcoma?
- Formation of bone or osteoid tissue
- Produces malignant osteoid (immature bone) from tumor bone cells
- The borders of the tumour are indistinct and merge into adjacent normal bone
What are the clinical manifestations of osteosarcoma?
- Pain and swelling
- Enlarging mass
- Initially pain is slight and intermittent, increases in severity and duration
- Pain worse at night
- Pathological fractures
What is leukemia?
cancer of white blood cells
What is the patho of leukemia?
- accumulation of dysfunctional cells
- Acute leukemia: clonal proliferation of immature hematopoietic cells.
- Chronic leukemia: involve more mature forms of WBCs, and the disease onset is
more gradual.
What are the clinical manifestations of leukemia?
,- Dependent on type of leukemia
- No symptoms early in disease (CLL)
- Fever
- Bleeding
- Anorexia
- Fatigue and weakness
- Infections
- Mouth sores
- Anemia
- Splenomegaly
What are the 4 types of leukemia?
- Acute lymphocytic (ALL)
- Acute myelogenous (AML)
- Chronic lymphocytic (CLL)
- Chronic myelogenous (CML)
What is colorectal cancer?
cancer of the colon or rectum
- increased risk at over 50 years of age
- Increased risk with obesity, smoking, increased consumption of red meat, alcohol
use
What is the patho of colorectal cancer?
- Most begin as adenomatous polyps that arise from the mucosa lining the lumen of
the colon and the rectum.
- cancer progresses down from the tip of the polyp through the body and stalk.
- It becomes invasive and penetrates the muscularis mucosae.
- tumour cells gain access to the regional lymph nodes and the vascular system and
can spread to distant sites.
What are the clinical manifestations of colorectal cancer?
- Usually nonspecific or do not appear until the disease is advanced.
- Rectal bleeding is the most common symptom
- Weakness, fatigue
- Anorexia, weight loss
- Nausea and vomiting
, - Change in bowel habits; alternating diarrhea and constipation, defecation
urgency; feelings of incomplete evacuation
- Abdominal and low back pain
- Iron-deficiency anemia
What is prostate cancer?
- Malignant tumour of the prostate gland
- Most common cancer among men
- >75% of cases occur in men older than age 65
- Consumption of tomatoes and tomato-based products may protect patients
What is the patho of prostate cancer?
-Androgen-dependent adenocarcinoma
- Usually slow growing
- Spread by three routes:
A) through direct extension
B) through the lymph system
C) through the bloodstream
What are the clinical manifestations of prostate cancer?
- Asymptomatic in the early stages
- Symptoms similar to those of BPH
- dysuria
- hesitancy
- dribbling
- frequency
- urgency
- hematuria
- nocturia
- retention
- interruption of urinary stream
- inability to urinate
- Pain during urination
What is lung cancer?
- Cancer of the lungs
- Most preventable cancer
