Editing cells that are passed on to next generation
Gene injected into zygote
Trying to control risk of genetic illness but creates other risks
Lack of knowledge (could influence other things), effects other than the target,
imprecise editing, could create mosaic embryo (some cells have new gene while
others don't)
Most people are against it b/c risks are too high
,Give this one a try later!
germ-line gene editing
Cultural and Religious Variability:
Problem: Cultural and religious beliefs regarding healthcare decision-making may
vary widely. Advance directives may not always align with cultural or religious values,
leading to conflicts between the individual's wishes and the preferences of their family
or community.
Lack of Accessibility:
Problem: Advance directives may not always be easily accessible during a medical
crisis. If the documents are not readily available in a patient's medical records,
emergency situations may require decisions to be made without the guidance of the
individual's expressed preferences.
Reluctance to Discuss End-of-Life Matters:
Problem: Many individuals and families may be hesitant to discuss end-of-life issues
and make decisions in advance. This reluctance can result in a lack of completed
advance directives or insufficient communication about healthcare preferences.
Potential for Family Disagreements:
Problem: Family members may have differing opinions about the interpretation and
implementation of advance directives. Disagreements can lead to emotional distress
and conflicts during critical healthcare decision-making moments.
Give this one a try later!
problems with advance directives (2/2)
Presumed consent, also known as "opt-out" or "deemed consent," is a legal and
ethical approach to organ donation where individuals are presumed to have
consented to donation unless they explicitly express their refusal while alive. In a
,presumed consent system, the default assumption is that individuals are willing to
donate their organs unless they have registered their objection or their families
express their objection after death. This approach is designed to increase organ
donation rates by simplifying the process and making it easier for organs to be
available for transplantation.
Give this one a try later!
presumed consent
Therapy: healing genetic disease
Fixing single gene mutations that cause diseases like sickle cell
Question of justice; really expensive
But does serve disadvantaged groups w/rare diseases but still minimal resources and
other more common things also need to be addressed
Enhancement: making better than now
Give this one a try later!
therapy vs. enhancement
While the principle of double effect has been widely discussed and applied in ethical
reasoning, it is not without its critics. Various objections have been raised by ethicists
and scholars who question its validity or applicability in certain situations. Some
common objections include:
Intentions Are Not Always Clear:
Critics argue that distinguishing between intended and foreseen effects can be
challenging in practice. Determining the true intentions of an agent may be subjective
, and may not always align with the principles outlined in the double effect. This
ambiguity can make it difficult to reliably apply the principle in real-life situations.
Proportional Balancing is Subjective:
The principle requires a proportional balance between the intended good and
foreseen bad effects. Critics argue that assessing proportionality is highly subjective
and may vary based on individual perspectives and values. What one person
considers proportionate, another might see as disproportionate.
Overemphasis on Intention:
Some critics argue that the principle places too much emphasis on the agent's
intentions, potentially neglecting the ethical significance of the actual consequences
of actions. They contend that the morality of an action should be assessed based on
its outcomes, regardless of the agent's intentions.
Give this one a try later!
objections to the principle of double effect (1/2)
Judaism: personhood begins at birth not conception (biblical texts about punishment
for killing fetus less than for killing person)
But still some rabbinic texts against abortion though for it to protect mother’s life
Islam: generally against abortion as affront to value of life
Ensoulment happens sometime after conception, probs between 40-120 days
Widespread condemnation of abortion by early Christians w/o scriptural support
Ensoulment at conception (against embryonic research)
Give this one a try later!
Ideas about when life, ensoulment, and moral status begin in Judaism,
Islam, and Christianity
Gene injected into zygote
Trying to control risk of genetic illness but creates other risks
Lack of knowledge (could influence other things), effects other than the target,
imprecise editing, could create mosaic embryo (some cells have new gene while
others don't)
Most people are against it b/c risks are too high
,Give this one a try later!
germ-line gene editing
Cultural and Religious Variability:
Problem: Cultural and religious beliefs regarding healthcare decision-making may
vary widely. Advance directives may not always align with cultural or religious values,
leading to conflicts between the individual's wishes and the preferences of their family
or community.
Lack of Accessibility:
Problem: Advance directives may not always be easily accessible during a medical
crisis. If the documents are not readily available in a patient's medical records,
emergency situations may require decisions to be made without the guidance of the
individual's expressed preferences.
Reluctance to Discuss End-of-Life Matters:
Problem: Many individuals and families may be hesitant to discuss end-of-life issues
and make decisions in advance. This reluctance can result in a lack of completed
advance directives or insufficient communication about healthcare preferences.
Potential for Family Disagreements:
Problem: Family members may have differing opinions about the interpretation and
implementation of advance directives. Disagreements can lead to emotional distress
and conflicts during critical healthcare decision-making moments.
Give this one a try later!
problems with advance directives (2/2)
Presumed consent, also known as "opt-out" or "deemed consent," is a legal and
ethical approach to organ donation where individuals are presumed to have
consented to donation unless they explicitly express their refusal while alive. In a
,presumed consent system, the default assumption is that individuals are willing to
donate their organs unless they have registered their objection or their families
express their objection after death. This approach is designed to increase organ
donation rates by simplifying the process and making it easier for organs to be
available for transplantation.
Give this one a try later!
presumed consent
Therapy: healing genetic disease
Fixing single gene mutations that cause diseases like sickle cell
Question of justice; really expensive
But does serve disadvantaged groups w/rare diseases but still minimal resources and
other more common things also need to be addressed
Enhancement: making better than now
Give this one a try later!
therapy vs. enhancement
While the principle of double effect has been widely discussed and applied in ethical
reasoning, it is not without its critics. Various objections have been raised by ethicists
and scholars who question its validity or applicability in certain situations. Some
common objections include:
Intentions Are Not Always Clear:
Critics argue that distinguishing between intended and foreseen effects can be
challenging in practice. Determining the true intentions of an agent may be subjective
, and may not always align with the principles outlined in the double effect. This
ambiguity can make it difficult to reliably apply the principle in real-life situations.
Proportional Balancing is Subjective:
The principle requires a proportional balance between the intended good and
foreseen bad effects. Critics argue that assessing proportionality is highly subjective
and may vary based on individual perspectives and values. What one person
considers proportionate, another might see as disproportionate.
Overemphasis on Intention:
Some critics argue that the principle places too much emphasis on the agent's
intentions, potentially neglecting the ethical significance of the actual consequences
of actions. They contend that the morality of an action should be assessed based on
its outcomes, regardless of the agent's intentions.
Give this one a try later!
objections to the principle of double effect (1/2)
Judaism: personhood begins at birth not conception (biblical texts about punishment
for killing fetus less than for killing person)
But still some rabbinic texts against abortion though for it to protect mother’s life
Islam: generally against abortion as affront to value of life
Ensoulment happens sometime after conception, probs between 40-120 days
Widespread condemnation of abortion by early Christians w/o scriptural support
Ensoulment at conception (against embryonic research)
Give this one a try later!
Ideas about when life, ensoulment, and moral status begin in Judaism,
Islam, and Christianity
