NUSCTX 104 Final Exam (Latest Update) Questions and
Verified Answers| 100% Correct| Grade A+
GMO - ANSWER-Genetically modified organisms
GMO benefits - ANSWER-Pest, disease, herbicide resistance, increased nutritional value, reduced
pesticide use (?)
GMO concerns - ANSWER-Pesticide/herbicide resistant pests, DNA mutations, allergenicity, unintended
harm to other organisms, monopolies, ethical considerations, no labeling in US
GMO animal concerns - ANSWER-Compete with wild populations, genetic pollution, disease introduction
Sustainability - ANSWER-To maintain the food system, the raw materials for foods and natural resources
used for food transformation and distribution must be conserved, not depleted or degraded.
Sustainability concerns - ANSWER-Soil erosion, water use, energy use, social costs, vulnerability to
famine, unpredictability of GMO crops/animals, delocalization, animal/human welfare,
antibiotic/pesticide use, farming seafood. cloning
Social costs example - ANSWER-Contract farming, loss of family farming, weakening of local economies,
Costs of monoculture - ANSWER-Loss of biodiversity, decrease in nutritional status, vulnerability to
drought/famine/disease, loss of culinary variety/tradition
Organic farming - ANSWER-Alternative to industrial agriculture. Higher soil fertility, lower energy usage,
decrease in pesticides in run-off, no GMO concerns, increased biodiversity (?), potential health benefits
(?)
Pesticides concerns - ANSWER-High level of exposure for farm workers(acute/chronic illness), may build
up over time, developmental affects
,Aspects of a sustainable diet - ANSWER-Food with lower agricultural and energy inputs, responsible
seafood purchases, water/energy conservation practices
Elmer McCollum - ANSWER-"Dr. Vitamin" discovered Vit A and D, understands importance of
"palatability"
Disabled GULO gene - ANSWER-Scurvy potential
Challenge of modern dietary illnesses - ANSWER-They develop over time, cures require holistic
approach, studying them is problematic ("gold standard" is impractical, observation based)
Rise in food allergy hypotheses - ANSWER-The Hygiene Hypothesis, delayed introduction of foods,
increased awareness/reporting, forms of the foods that we eat
What do all successful diets have in common? - ANSWER-Pro-vegetable, anti-processed, low to no sugar
and refined grain, more limited = more difficult to sustain
Dietary Guidelines 2015 - ANSWER-Focus on foods and dietary patterns over nutrients, remove total
fat/cholesterol as nutrients of concern, specific sugar limits, highlight coffee can be part of healthy diet
as well
Dietary Guidelines 2015 critique - ANSWER-Switch to nutrients when highlighting foods to "eat less,"
removal of recommendations influenced by environmental factors (plant-based), conflicting/confusing
recommendations
Trans fat - ANSWER-Changes texture, adds shelf life, decreases saturated fat and costs. 1999 trans fat
labeling proposed, 2002 scientists say there is no safe level, 2006 labeling mandatory.
Trans fat concerns - ANSWER-Increases LDL, decreases HDL, increases triglycerides, plaque formation
and inflammation
Food environment - ANSWER-Environmental factors that influence food choices and diet quality
, Community level food environment - ANSWER-stores (supermarkets, convenience stores), restaurants
(fast food, etc)
Consumer level food environment - ANSWER-Pricing, availability, social surroundings (friends, family)
US food environment - ANSWER-More food availability, bigger portion sizes, more food marketing,
lower proximity to grocery stores, increase in healthful food prices
Disparities in access to healthful food - ANSWER-Minorities, low SES
Store/restaurant proximity - ANSWER-Fast food more prevalent in low income areas,
Higher BMI associated with... - ANSWER-Fast food, increased access to convenience stores, decreased
access to grocery stores
Disparities in diet quality - ANSWER-High, medium SES quality increasing, low SES quality decreasing
What causes health disparities? - ANSWER-Racial and ethnic minorities -> increased exposure to poor
SES environments -> increased stress -> increase in unhealthy biological and behavior responses ->
health disparities
Getting to equity - ANSWER-Increase healthy options, reduce deterrents to healthy behavior, improve
social and economic resources, build community capacity.
Farm Bill - ANSWER-Controversial bill renewed every 5 years that separates nutrition from agriculture
bills
SNAP (Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program) and Block Granting - ANSWER-House budget plan is
converting SNAP into a block grant. States decide who's benefits to terminate or continue.
Verified Answers| 100% Correct| Grade A+
GMO - ANSWER-Genetically modified organisms
GMO benefits - ANSWER-Pest, disease, herbicide resistance, increased nutritional value, reduced
pesticide use (?)
GMO concerns - ANSWER-Pesticide/herbicide resistant pests, DNA mutations, allergenicity, unintended
harm to other organisms, monopolies, ethical considerations, no labeling in US
GMO animal concerns - ANSWER-Compete with wild populations, genetic pollution, disease introduction
Sustainability - ANSWER-To maintain the food system, the raw materials for foods and natural resources
used for food transformation and distribution must be conserved, not depleted or degraded.
Sustainability concerns - ANSWER-Soil erosion, water use, energy use, social costs, vulnerability to
famine, unpredictability of GMO crops/animals, delocalization, animal/human welfare,
antibiotic/pesticide use, farming seafood. cloning
Social costs example - ANSWER-Contract farming, loss of family farming, weakening of local economies,
Costs of monoculture - ANSWER-Loss of biodiversity, decrease in nutritional status, vulnerability to
drought/famine/disease, loss of culinary variety/tradition
Organic farming - ANSWER-Alternative to industrial agriculture. Higher soil fertility, lower energy usage,
decrease in pesticides in run-off, no GMO concerns, increased biodiversity (?), potential health benefits
(?)
Pesticides concerns - ANSWER-High level of exposure for farm workers(acute/chronic illness), may build
up over time, developmental affects
,Aspects of a sustainable diet - ANSWER-Food with lower agricultural and energy inputs, responsible
seafood purchases, water/energy conservation practices
Elmer McCollum - ANSWER-"Dr. Vitamin" discovered Vit A and D, understands importance of
"palatability"
Disabled GULO gene - ANSWER-Scurvy potential
Challenge of modern dietary illnesses - ANSWER-They develop over time, cures require holistic
approach, studying them is problematic ("gold standard" is impractical, observation based)
Rise in food allergy hypotheses - ANSWER-The Hygiene Hypothesis, delayed introduction of foods,
increased awareness/reporting, forms of the foods that we eat
What do all successful diets have in common? - ANSWER-Pro-vegetable, anti-processed, low to no sugar
and refined grain, more limited = more difficult to sustain
Dietary Guidelines 2015 - ANSWER-Focus on foods and dietary patterns over nutrients, remove total
fat/cholesterol as nutrients of concern, specific sugar limits, highlight coffee can be part of healthy diet
as well
Dietary Guidelines 2015 critique - ANSWER-Switch to nutrients when highlighting foods to "eat less,"
removal of recommendations influenced by environmental factors (plant-based), conflicting/confusing
recommendations
Trans fat - ANSWER-Changes texture, adds shelf life, decreases saturated fat and costs. 1999 trans fat
labeling proposed, 2002 scientists say there is no safe level, 2006 labeling mandatory.
Trans fat concerns - ANSWER-Increases LDL, decreases HDL, increases triglycerides, plaque formation
and inflammation
Food environment - ANSWER-Environmental factors that influence food choices and diet quality
, Community level food environment - ANSWER-stores (supermarkets, convenience stores), restaurants
(fast food, etc)
Consumer level food environment - ANSWER-Pricing, availability, social surroundings (friends, family)
US food environment - ANSWER-More food availability, bigger portion sizes, more food marketing,
lower proximity to grocery stores, increase in healthful food prices
Disparities in access to healthful food - ANSWER-Minorities, low SES
Store/restaurant proximity - ANSWER-Fast food more prevalent in low income areas,
Higher BMI associated with... - ANSWER-Fast food, increased access to convenience stores, decreased
access to grocery stores
Disparities in diet quality - ANSWER-High, medium SES quality increasing, low SES quality decreasing
What causes health disparities? - ANSWER-Racial and ethnic minorities -> increased exposure to poor
SES environments -> increased stress -> increase in unhealthy biological and behavior responses ->
health disparities
Getting to equity - ANSWER-Increase healthy options, reduce deterrents to healthy behavior, improve
social and economic resources, build community capacity.
Farm Bill - ANSWER-Controversial bill renewed every 5 years that separates nutrition from agriculture
bills
SNAP (Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program) and Block Granting - ANSWER-House budget plan is
converting SNAP into a block grant. States decide who's benefits to terminate or continue.
