Nurs 5315: Adv Patho Exam
1
1. E. Cells decrease in size
P. Still functional; imbalance between protein synthesis and degradation.
Essentially there is an increase in the catabolism of intracellular
organelles, reducing structural components of cell Physiologic: thymus
gland in early childhood
Pathological: disuse (muscle atrophy d/ decrease workload, pressure, use,
blood supply, nutrition, hormonal stimulation, or nervous stimulation):
Atrophy
2. E: cells increase in number, mitosis (cell division) must occur, size of cell
does not change
Phys: increased rate of division, increase in tissue mass after damage or
partial resection; may be compensatory, hormonal, or pathologic
Patho: abnormal proliferation of normal cells usually caused by increased
hormonal stimulation (endometrial). increase of production of local growth
factors
Ex: removal of part of the liver lead to hyperplasia of hepatocytes. uterine or
mammary gland enlargement during pregnancy: Hyperplasia
3. E. Not true adaptation; Cells abnormal change in size, shape, organization
(classified as mild, moderate, severe)
P. caused by cell injury/irritation, characterized by disordered cell growth. aka
atypical hyperplasia or pre-cancer, a disorderly proliferation
Physiologic: N/A
Pathologic: squamous dysplasia of cervix from HPV shows up on pap
smear, breast cancer development; pap smears often show dysplastic cells
of the cervix that must undergo laser/surgical tx: Dysplasia
4. E: reversible change, one type of cell changes to another type for survival
P: reversible; results from exposure of the cells to chronic stressors, injury,
or irritation; Cancer can arise from this area, stimulus induces a
reprogramming of stem cells under the influence of cytokines and growth
factors
Ex: Patho: Columnar cells change to squamous cells in lungs of smoker or
normal ciliated epithelial cells of the bronchial linings are replaced by
stratified squamous epithelial cells.; Phys: Barrett Esophagus- normal
squamous cells change to columnar epithelial cells in response to reflux, aka
intestinal metaplasia: Metaplasia
5. E. inadequate oxygenation of tissues
,P. decrease in mitochondrial function, decreased production of ATP
increases anaerobic metabolism. eventual cell death.
C.M. hypoxia, cyanosis, cognitive impairment, lethargy: Hypoxia injury
6. E. normal byproduct of ATP production, will overwhelm the mitochondria-
exhaust intracellular antioxidants
P. lipid peroxidation, damage proteins, fragment DNA
C.M. development in Alzheimer's, heart disease, Parkinson's disease,
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Free radical and ROS
7. E. mood altering drug, long term effects on liver and nutritional status
P. metabolized by liver, generates free radicals
C.M. CNS depression, nutrient deficiencies-Mag, Vit B6, thiamine, PO4,
inflammation and fatty infiltration of liver, hepatomegaly, leads to liver
failure irreversible: Ethanol
8. Na and H2O enter cell and cause swelling. Organ increases in weight,
becomes distended and pale. Associated with high fever, hypocalcemia,
certain infections: Oncosis
9. Liver and germ cell tumors: Alpha Fetoprotein Origin
10. GI, pancreas, lung, breast tumors: Carcinoembryonic Antigen
11. prostate tumors: Prostate Specific Antigen
12. from epithelial tissue- renal cell carcinoma: Carcino
13. from connective tissue- chondrosarcoma: Sarco-
14. preinvasive epithelial malignant tumors of glandular or squamous cells-
cervix: Carcinoma in situ
15. Multiple organs including brain: Lung ca metastasis
16. Liver, lungs: Colorectal ca metastasis
17. Liver, lungs, brain: Testicular ca metastasis
18. Bones (especially lumbar spine), liver: Prostate ca metastasis
19. Liver, bones, lymphatics: Head and neck ca metastasis
20. Peritoneal surfaces, diaphragm, omentum, liver: Ovarian ca metastasis
21. Lungs: Sarcoma metastasis
22. In transit lymphatics, lung, liver, brain, GI tract: Melanoma metastasis
23. Local invasion, followed by invasion of surrounding tissues. Cells then
may invade blood and lymphatic vessels. They must survive in circulation,
then enter and survive in a new location. Then the cells can multiply and form
a new tumor.: Mechanisms of ca metastasis
24. T= tumor size >/= correlates with metastatic ability
, .
N= whether lymph nodes are involved
M= extra nodal involvement (liver, lungs): TNM staging system 25.
In venous system- 20%: Intravascular fluid compartment
26. The measure of solute concentration in a fluid.
280-295 mOsm: Osmolality
27. Surrounds the cells and bathes them in nutrients- 20%: Interstitial fluid
compartment
28. Within the cells- 40% uk: Intracellular fluid compartment
29 Passive- the movement of water from an area of low concentration of
solute to one of higher concentration: Osmosis
30. Pulling- the amount of pressure or force that is exerted by solute
molecules of a given compartment: Osmotic pressure
31. Blood pressure- pushes fluid outside of the vessels, the force of fluid
against the walls of a compartment- venous obstruction, Na and water
retention: Hydrostatic pressure
32. Colloid pressure keeps water inside the compartment, attracts water
from interstitial space back into the capillary- losses or diminished albumin:
Oncotic pressure
33. The amount of blood within the arterial space- ECF changes will cause
changes in the EABV in the same direction: Effective arterial blood volume 34.
Activated by low blood volume, triggers release of renin which converts
angiotensinogen to angiotensin 1. ACE converts angiotensin 1 to angiotensin
which causes arterial vasoconstriction and stimulates release of aldosterone.
Aldosterone stimulates renal Na reabsorption and K+ excretion. Water is
retained, less urine is produced, blood volume increases.: Renin Angiotensin
Aldosterone System
35. ANP and BNP- released by heart- works opposite RAAS to decrease blood
volume, promotes urinary excretion of Na and water: Natriuretic hormones
36. Dehydration- intake is not enough for body's needs
C.M. Poor skin turgor, dry mucous membranes, sunken eyes, sunken
fontanelles, decreased urine output, fatigue: Fluid volume deficit
37. Fluid intake exceeds body's needs
C.M. Edema, rales, HTN, weight gain, bounding pulses, intake> output, JVD,
restlessness or anxiety: Fluid volume excess
38. Accumulation of fluid within the interstitial space- venous obstruction, Na
and water retention
1
1. E. Cells decrease in size
P. Still functional; imbalance between protein synthesis and degradation.
Essentially there is an increase in the catabolism of intracellular
organelles, reducing structural components of cell Physiologic: thymus
gland in early childhood
Pathological: disuse (muscle atrophy d/ decrease workload, pressure, use,
blood supply, nutrition, hormonal stimulation, or nervous stimulation):
Atrophy
2. E: cells increase in number, mitosis (cell division) must occur, size of cell
does not change
Phys: increased rate of division, increase in tissue mass after damage or
partial resection; may be compensatory, hormonal, or pathologic
Patho: abnormal proliferation of normal cells usually caused by increased
hormonal stimulation (endometrial). increase of production of local growth
factors
Ex: removal of part of the liver lead to hyperplasia of hepatocytes. uterine or
mammary gland enlargement during pregnancy: Hyperplasia
3. E. Not true adaptation; Cells abnormal change in size, shape, organization
(classified as mild, moderate, severe)
P. caused by cell injury/irritation, characterized by disordered cell growth. aka
atypical hyperplasia or pre-cancer, a disorderly proliferation
Physiologic: N/A
Pathologic: squamous dysplasia of cervix from HPV shows up on pap
smear, breast cancer development; pap smears often show dysplastic cells
of the cervix that must undergo laser/surgical tx: Dysplasia
4. E: reversible change, one type of cell changes to another type for survival
P: reversible; results from exposure of the cells to chronic stressors, injury,
or irritation; Cancer can arise from this area, stimulus induces a
reprogramming of stem cells under the influence of cytokines and growth
factors
Ex: Patho: Columnar cells change to squamous cells in lungs of smoker or
normal ciliated epithelial cells of the bronchial linings are replaced by
stratified squamous epithelial cells.; Phys: Barrett Esophagus- normal
squamous cells change to columnar epithelial cells in response to reflux, aka
intestinal metaplasia: Metaplasia
5. E. inadequate oxygenation of tissues
,P. decrease in mitochondrial function, decreased production of ATP
increases anaerobic metabolism. eventual cell death.
C.M. hypoxia, cyanosis, cognitive impairment, lethargy: Hypoxia injury
6. E. normal byproduct of ATP production, will overwhelm the mitochondria-
exhaust intracellular antioxidants
P. lipid peroxidation, damage proteins, fragment DNA
C.M. development in Alzheimer's, heart disease, Parkinson's disease,
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Free radical and ROS
7. E. mood altering drug, long term effects on liver and nutritional status
P. metabolized by liver, generates free radicals
C.M. CNS depression, nutrient deficiencies-Mag, Vit B6, thiamine, PO4,
inflammation and fatty infiltration of liver, hepatomegaly, leads to liver
failure irreversible: Ethanol
8. Na and H2O enter cell and cause swelling. Organ increases in weight,
becomes distended and pale. Associated with high fever, hypocalcemia,
certain infections: Oncosis
9. Liver and germ cell tumors: Alpha Fetoprotein Origin
10. GI, pancreas, lung, breast tumors: Carcinoembryonic Antigen
11. prostate tumors: Prostate Specific Antigen
12. from epithelial tissue- renal cell carcinoma: Carcino
13. from connective tissue- chondrosarcoma: Sarco-
14. preinvasive epithelial malignant tumors of glandular or squamous cells-
cervix: Carcinoma in situ
15. Multiple organs including brain: Lung ca metastasis
16. Liver, lungs: Colorectal ca metastasis
17. Liver, lungs, brain: Testicular ca metastasis
18. Bones (especially lumbar spine), liver: Prostate ca metastasis
19. Liver, bones, lymphatics: Head and neck ca metastasis
20. Peritoneal surfaces, diaphragm, omentum, liver: Ovarian ca metastasis
21. Lungs: Sarcoma metastasis
22. In transit lymphatics, lung, liver, brain, GI tract: Melanoma metastasis
23. Local invasion, followed by invasion of surrounding tissues. Cells then
may invade blood and lymphatic vessels. They must survive in circulation,
then enter and survive in a new location. Then the cells can multiply and form
a new tumor.: Mechanisms of ca metastasis
24. T= tumor size >/= correlates with metastatic ability
, .
N= whether lymph nodes are involved
M= extra nodal involvement (liver, lungs): TNM staging system 25.
In venous system- 20%: Intravascular fluid compartment
26. The measure of solute concentration in a fluid.
280-295 mOsm: Osmolality
27. Surrounds the cells and bathes them in nutrients- 20%: Interstitial fluid
compartment
28. Within the cells- 40% uk: Intracellular fluid compartment
29 Passive- the movement of water from an area of low concentration of
solute to one of higher concentration: Osmosis
30. Pulling- the amount of pressure or force that is exerted by solute
molecules of a given compartment: Osmotic pressure
31. Blood pressure- pushes fluid outside of the vessels, the force of fluid
against the walls of a compartment- venous obstruction, Na and water
retention: Hydrostatic pressure
32. Colloid pressure keeps water inside the compartment, attracts water
from interstitial space back into the capillary- losses or diminished albumin:
Oncotic pressure
33. The amount of blood within the arterial space- ECF changes will cause
changes in the EABV in the same direction: Effective arterial blood volume 34.
Activated by low blood volume, triggers release of renin which converts
angiotensinogen to angiotensin 1. ACE converts angiotensin 1 to angiotensin
which causes arterial vasoconstriction and stimulates release of aldosterone.
Aldosterone stimulates renal Na reabsorption and K+ excretion. Water is
retained, less urine is produced, blood volume increases.: Renin Angiotensin
Aldosterone System
35. ANP and BNP- released by heart- works opposite RAAS to decrease blood
volume, promotes urinary excretion of Na and water: Natriuretic hormones
36. Dehydration- intake is not enough for body's needs
C.M. Poor skin turgor, dry mucous membranes, sunken eyes, sunken
fontanelles, decreased urine output, fatigue: Fluid volume deficit
37. Fluid intake exceeds body's needs
C.M. Edema, rales, HTN, weight gain, bounding pulses, intake> output, JVD,
restlessness or anxiety: Fluid volume excess
38. Accumulation of fluid within the interstitial space- venous obstruction, Na
and water retention
