NURS 5315: Advanced Patho Exam
5
1. What are the key functions of the kidneys?: Excretion of metabolic waste.
Regulation of water and electrolyte balance
Regulation of arterial BP
Erythrocyte production
1, 25 -dihyydroxy vitamin production (calcitriol)
Gluconeogenesis
2. What metabolic waste do the kidneys excrete?: Urea
Creatinine
Bilirubin
Drugs
Hormone metabolites
3. How do the kidneys regulate arterial blood pressure?: RAAS
The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is a critical regulator of blood
volume, electrolyte balance, and systemic vascular resistance.
4. How do the kidneys regulate acid base balance?: Exertion of H+ ions and
reabsorption of sodium bicarb.
5. How does blood flow into and out of the kidneys?: In through the renal
artery. i. Interlobal artery. ii. Arcuate arteries. iii. Capillary beds
Out through the renal vein
6. Renal capillary beds.: 1. Afferent (glomerular capillaries) a. filtration
2. Efferent (peritubal capillaries)
a. Water, electrolytes, substances exchanged between blood and filtrate making
urine.
b. Vasa recta (long efferent arterioles-extend through medullar glomerulus to form
the juxtaglomerular cells)
i. Regulate urine and serum concentration and volume.
ii. Reabsorb filtrate to return to systemic circulation.
7. How does filtrate and urine move through the kidney?: 1. Bowmans
capsule
2. Proximal tubule
3. Loop of Henle
a. Descending (thin)
b. Ascending (thick)
, NURS 5315: Advanced Patho Exam 5
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fczb8h
4. Macula densa
5. Distal tubule
6. Collecting tubule
a.) 8-10 collecting tubules combine to form
7. Medullary collecting tubule
8. Collecting duct.
9. Renal pelvis
8. What are the components of a nephron?: Glomerulus: glomerular capillaries
a.) Fluid is filtered from the blood to form filtrate which enters the tubule
b.) Tubule where filtrate is processed into urine.
9. What are the two types of nephron?: 1. Cortical: glomerulus in the outer
cortex and tubules that are superficial in the medulla
2. Juxtaglomerular: deep in the cortex with tubes deep in the medulla (vasa recta
is here-determine urine concentration)
10. What contributes to the glomerular filtration rate?: 1. Hydrostatic pressure
2. Colloid oncotic pressure
3. Equals net filtration pressure
11. Urine is formed as a result of ___________.: Tubular processing of filtrate.
a. Glomerular filtration
b. Reabsorption of substances from the renal tubules into the blood.
c. Excretion of substances from the blood into the renal tubules.
12. What are the structures of the glomerular membrane?: Endothelium
Basement membrane
Podocyte
13. What is the structure of the endothelium (fenestrae)?
(Glomerular membrane): Regulates vasomotor tone, homeostasis and trafficking
of leukocytes.
14. What is the function of the basement membrane (collagen &
proteoglycan) (Glomerular membrane): Scaffold supporting the function of
the endothelium and podocytes (problems with the basement membrane result
in albumin leaking into filtrate)
15. What is the function of the Podocyte (filtration slits/slit membranes)?
(Glomerular membrane): The slits serve as a barrier between the foot
process to prevent leaking of albumin into the filtrate.
, NURS 5315: Advanced Patho Exam
5
16. How can GFR be manipulated?: Increase or decrease GFR.
17. What is the big idea and mechanism for increasing GFR?: Big idea:
Hormones and autocoids: local angiotension II.
Mechanism: Constricts efferent arterioles; increased blood flow; increased GFR.
Big idea: Nitric oxide, prostaglandins. bradykinin
Mechanism: Dilate afferent artioarterioles; increased blood flow; increased GFR.
18. What is the big idea and mechanism for decreasing GFR?: Big idea: SNS:
Norepinephrine and Epinephrine (adrenal medulla)
Mechanism: Constricts afferent arterioles, decreases blood flow, decreased GFR.
Big idea: Hormones: endo-thelin (vascular endothelium)
Mechanism: Constricts afferent arterioles, decreased blood flow, decreased GFR.
19. What happens in the proximal tubule?: Sodium, Chloride, Phosphourous,
sodium bicarbonate, glucose, amino acids, are reabsorbed. Very water
permeable.
Hydrogen, organic acids, organic bases (metabolic by products, bile salts, uric
acid, catecholamines) are secreted.
Controlled by: Angiotensin II (increased sodium and H20 absorption) PTH
(decreased Phosphorous reabsorption).
20. What happens in the thin descending loop of Henle?: Small amounts of
sodium are reabsorbed. Highly water permeable.
21. What happens in the thin ascending loop of Henle?: Dilutes filtrate.
Highly water permeable.
22. What happens in the thick ascending loop of Henle?: Sodium, chloride,
potassium, calcium, magnesium, bicarb, are reabsorbed. Impermeable to water;
dilutes filtrate.
Hydrogen ions are secreted here.
Controlled by angiotensin II (NaCl reabsorption/H+ secretion) Parathyroid
hormone (calcium reabsorption)
5
1. What are the key functions of the kidneys?: Excretion of metabolic waste.
Regulation of water and electrolyte balance
Regulation of arterial BP
Erythrocyte production
1, 25 -dihyydroxy vitamin production (calcitriol)
Gluconeogenesis
2. What metabolic waste do the kidneys excrete?: Urea
Creatinine
Bilirubin
Drugs
Hormone metabolites
3. How do the kidneys regulate arterial blood pressure?: RAAS
The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is a critical regulator of blood
volume, electrolyte balance, and systemic vascular resistance.
4. How do the kidneys regulate acid base balance?: Exertion of H+ ions and
reabsorption of sodium bicarb.
5. How does blood flow into and out of the kidneys?: In through the renal
artery. i. Interlobal artery. ii. Arcuate arteries. iii. Capillary beds
Out through the renal vein
6. Renal capillary beds.: 1. Afferent (glomerular capillaries) a. filtration
2. Efferent (peritubal capillaries)
a. Water, electrolytes, substances exchanged between blood and filtrate making
urine.
b. Vasa recta (long efferent arterioles-extend through medullar glomerulus to form
the juxtaglomerular cells)
i. Regulate urine and serum concentration and volume.
ii. Reabsorb filtrate to return to systemic circulation.
7. How does filtrate and urine move through the kidney?: 1. Bowmans
capsule
2. Proximal tubule
3. Loop of Henle
a. Descending (thin)
b. Ascending (thick)
, NURS 5315: Advanced Patho Exam 5
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fczb8h
4. Macula densa
5. Distal tubule
6. Collecting tubule
a.) 8-10 collecting tubules combine to form
7. Medullary collecting tubule
8. Collecting duct.
9. Renal pelvis
8. What are the components of a nephron?: Glomerulus: glomerular capillaries
a.) Fluid is filtered from the blood to form filtrate which enters the tubule
b.) Tubule where filtrate is processed into urine.
9. What are the two types of nephron?: 1. Cortical: glomerulus in the outer
cortex and tubules that are superficial in the medulla
2. Juxtaglomerular: deep in the cortex with tubes deep in the medulla (vasa recta
is here-determine urine concentration)
10. What contributes to the glomerular filtration rate?: 1. Hydrostatic pressure
2. Colloid oncotic pressure
3. Equals net filtration pressure
11. Urine is formed as a result of ___________.: Tubular processing of filtrate.
a. Glomerular filtration
b. Reabsorption of substances from the renal tubules into the blood.
c. Excretion of substances from the blood into the renal tubules.
12. What are the structures of the glomerular membrane?: Endothelium
Basement membrane
Podocyte
13. What is the structure of the endothelium (fenestrae)?
(Glomerular membrane): Regulates vasomotor tone, homeostasis and trafficking
of leukocytes.
14. What is the function of the basement membrane (collagen &
proteoglycan) (Glomerular membrane): Scaffold supporting the function of
the endothelium and podocytes (problems with the basement membrane result
in albumin leaking into filtrate)
15. What is the function of the Podocyte (filtration slits/slit membranes)?
(Glomerular membrane): The slits serve as a barrier between the foot
process to prevent leaking of albumin into the filtrate.
, NURS 5315: Advanced Patho Exam
5
16. How can GFR be manipulated?: Increase or decrease GFR.
17. What is the big idea and mechanism for increasing GFR?: Big idea:
Hormones and autocoids: local angiotension II.
Mechanism: Constricts efferent arterioles; increased blood flow; increased GFR.
Big idea: Nitric oxide, prostaglandins. bradykinin
Mechanism: Dilate afferent artioarterioles; increased blood flow; increased GFR.
18. What is the big idea and mechanism for decreasing GFR?: Big idea: SNS:
Norepinephrine and Epinephrine (adrenal medulla)
Mechanism: Constricts afferent arterioles, decreases blood flow, decreased GFR.
Big idea: Hormones: endo-thelin (vascular endothelium)
Mechanism: Constricts afferent arterioles, decreased blood flow, decreased GFR.
19. What happens in the proximal tubule?: Sodium, Chloride, Phosphourous,
sodium bicarbonate, glucose, amino acids, are reabsorbed. Very water
permeable.
Hydrogen, organic acids, organic bases (metabolic by products, bile salts, uric
acid, catecholamines) are secreted.
Controlled by: Angiotensin II (increased sodium and H20 absorption) PTH
(decreased Phosphorous reabsorption).
20. What happens in the thin descending loop of Henle?: Small amounts of
sodium are reabsorbed. Highly water permeable.
21. What happens in the thin ascending loop of Henle?: Dilutes filtrate.
Highly water permeable.
22. What happens in the thick ascending loop of Henle?: Sodium, chloride,
potassium, calcium, magnesium, bicarb, are reabsorbed. Impermeable to water;
dilutes filtrate.
Hydrogen ions are secreted here.
Controlled by angiotensin II (NaCl reabsorption/H+ secretion) Parathyroid
hormone (calcium reabsorption)
