SPEX303 FINAL EXAM LATEST 2024-
2025 ACTUAL EXAM 200 QUESTIONS
AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS
(VERIFIED ANSWERS) |ALREADY
GRADED A+
What is the focus of the paper? - ✔✔Understand how the human body
maintains itself and performs work
Direct calorimetry measures energy utilisation through? - ✔✔Heat production
Indirect calorimetry measures energy utilisation through? - ✔✔Respiratory Gas
exchange
What are some limitations to indirect calorimetry? - ✔✔Dead space in tube, lag
of measurements from long tube
Aerobic metabolism used directly how? - ✔✔Resynthesis of ATP
Aerobic metabolism used indirectly how? - ✔✔Replete anaerobic sources of
ATP (CrP)
What happens to elements of water ingested (doubly labelled water)? In what
forms is it excreted? - ✔✔Hydrogen excreted through urine
Oxygen comes out mainly through CO2
1|Page
©NINJANERD 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025.
,Where is most nitrogen excreted from the body? - ✔✔Urine and sweat
During anaerobic metabolism, extra CO2 comes from? - ✔✔Metabolic acidosis -
more H+ produced, keeping pH around 7 (buffer system)
R value representative of Carbohydrates? - ✔✔1.0
R value representative of Fats? - ✔✔0.71
R value representative of Protein? - ✔✔0.8
R value representative of Mixed? - ✔✔0.82
R value representative of Alcohol? - ✔✔0.67
What does Southland Cycling Study tell you about effects of exercise on body
comp? - ✔✔Exercise can be positive on maintenance of FFM
Effects of Exercise on RMR - ✔✔Increased (5-15%) with intensive exercise for
24-48hr: if exercise is repeated w/in 24-48h, remains elevated
Can be as much as 400-800 kJ/day
Athletes vs sedentary have as much as 5-20% greater RMR, even after adjusting
for FFM
Little, if any, long-lasting increase following low intensity exercise
2|Page
©NINJANERD 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025.
,Effects of Training on Total Energy Expenditure - ✔✔Some cross-sectional
studies have shown athletes to be more energy efficient (i.e. lower energy
intake/amount expended)
Do endurance trained females adapt to lose less energy? - ✔✔Some studies
show endurance trained much more efficient overall than untrained.
Increased efficiency of movement has been shown, but not large effect on TEE,
most trained, in training use more E regardless.
What influences fuel selection? - ✔✔Energy needs (i.e. rate of ATP needed)
Amounts stored in muscle, circulation
Contraction (Ca++)
Hormones, sympathetic NS
Enzyme activities
Aerobic capacity and blood flow
Transporter molecules
Fat Metabolism differences from CHO - ✔✔Less ATP/sec
More O2/ATP
Only used aerobically
Not maximised immediately
Greater storage
3|Page
©NINJANERD 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025.
, Increased w exercise duration
Increased w training, at given intensity
CHO Metabolism differences from Fat - ✔✔More ATP/sec
Less O2/ATP
Used aerobically and anaerobically
Limited glycogen stores
Increased w increasing intensity
Decreased w training at given intensity
Fat and CHO Metabolism Similarities - ✔✔Greater capacity with training
Break down products can be metabolised in Krebs Cycle
Low E state of cell enhances release from storage and oxidation
Sympathetic drive and Adren/NorAdren from adrenal glands enhances release
from storage (fatty acids & glucose from glycogen)
Describe demands of Anaerobic Glycolysis - ✔✔As exercise intensity increases,
more NADH2 formed than can be oxidised in ETC/oxid phosphorylation .
Continued metabolism via glycolysis requires NAD+ reformed and H2 to be
accepted by another molecule. Hence, temporary reduction of pyruvic acid to
form lactic acid.
Reaction increases with increasing energy demands
4|Page
©NINJANERD 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025.
2025 ACTUAL EXAM 200 QUESTIONS
AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS
(VERIFIED ANSWERS) |ALREADY
GRADED A+
What is the focus of the paper? - ✔✔Understand how the human body
maintains itself and performs work
Direct calorimetry measures energy utilisation through? - ✔✔Heat production
Indirect calorimetry measures energy utilisation through? - ✔✔Respiratory Gas
exchange
What are some limitations to indirect calorimetry? - ✔✔Dead space in tube, lag
of measurements from long tube
Aerobic metabolism used directly how? - ✔✔Resynthesis of ATP
Aerobic metabolism used indirectly how? - ✔✔Replete anaerobic sources of
ATP (CrP)
What happens to elements of water ingested (doubly labelled water)? In what
forms is it excreted? - ✔✔Hydrogen excreted through urine
Oxygen comes out mainly through CO2
1|Page
©NINJANERD 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025.
,Where is most nitrogen excreted from the body? - ✔✔Urine and sweat
During anaerobic metabolism, extra CO2 comes from? - ✔✔Metabolic acidosis -
more H+ produced, keeping pH around 7 (buffer system)
R value representative of Carbohydrates? - ✔✔1.0
R value representative of Fats? - ✔✔0.71
R value representative of Protein? - ✔✔0.8
R value representative of Mixed? - ✔✔0.82
R value representative of Alcohol? - ✔✔0.67
What does Southland Cycling Study tell you about effects of exercise on body
comp? - ✔✔Exercise can be positive on maintenance of FFM
Effects of Exercise on RMR - ✔✔Increased (5-15%) with intensive exercise for
24-48hr: if exercise is repeated w/in 24-48h, remains elevated
Can be as much as 400-800 kJ/day
Athletes vs sedentary have as much as 5-20% greater RMR, even after adjusting
for FFM
Little, if any, long-lasting increase following low intensity exercise
2|Page
©NINJANERD 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025.
,Effects of Training on Total Energy Expenditure - ✔✔Some cross-sectional
studies have shown athletes to be more energy efficient (i.e. lower energy
intake/amount expended)
Do endurance trained females adapt to lose less energy? - ✔✔Some studies
show endurance trained much more efficient overall than untrained.
Increased efficiency of movement has been shown, but not large effect on TEE,
most trained, in training use more E regardless.
What influences fuel selection? - ✔✔Energy needs (i.e. rate of ATP needed)
Amounts stored in muscle, circulation
Contraction (Ca++)
Hormones, sympathetic NS
Enzyme activities
Aerobic capacity and blood flow
Transporter molecules
Fat Metabolism differences from CHO - ✔✔Less ATP/sec
More O2/ATP
Only used aerobically
Not maximised immediately
Greater storage
3|Page
©NINJANERD 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025.
, Increased w exercise duration
Increased w training, at given intensity
CHO Metabolism differences from Fat - ✔✔More ATP/sec
Less O2/ATP
Used aerobically and anaerobically
Limited glycogen stores
Increased w increasing intensity
Decreased w training at given intensity
Fat and CHO Metabolism Similarities - ✔✔Greater capacity with training
Break down products can be metabolised in Krebs Cycle
Low E state of cell enhances release from storage and oxidation
Sympathetic drive and Adren/NorAdren from adrenal glands enhances release
from storage (fatty acids & glucose from glycogen)
Describe demands of Anaerobic Glycolysis - ✔✔As exercise intensity increases,
more NADH2 formed than can be oxidised in ETC/oxid phosphorylation .
Continued metabolism via glycolysis requires NAD+ reformed and H2 to be
accepted by another molecule. Hence, temporary reduction of pyruvic acid to
form lactic acid.
Reaction increases with increasing energy demands
4|Page
©NINJANERD 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025.
