Patho UTA test 1 Questions & Answers

Atrophy - ANSWERSDecrease or shrinkage in cell size Hypertrophy - ANSWERSIncrease in size of cells that increase size of affected Organ Hyperplasia - ANSWERSIncrease number of cells in an organ or tissue resulting from an increased rate of cellular division. Results from injury that is severe and prolonged Compensatory Hyperplasia - ANSWERSAbility of some organs to regenerate Dysplasia (atypical hyperplasia) - ANSWERSAbnormal changes in size shape and organization of mature cells. Not involving entire thickness may be reversed. Involving entire thickness means carcinoma in situ pre-invasive neoplasm Metaplasia - ANSWERSReversible replacement of one mature cell type by another Ischemia/hypoxic injury - ANSWERSLack of oxygen due to decreased oxygen in the air, Decreased H/H function, decreased production of RBC, results of respiratory or cardiac disease, poisoning of oxidative enzymes within the cells Arteriosclerosis - ANSWERSGradual arterial Narrowing and complete blockage by blood clots example and MI/stroke Physiologic atrophy - ANSWERSShrinkage of thymus gland during childhood Pathologic atrophy - ANSWERSCauses decrease in workload, pressure, use, blood supply, nutrition, hormonal Stimulation, or nervous stimulation Causes of atrophy - ANSWERSImbalance between protein synthesis integration increase in cannibalism of the intracellular organelles. Reduction of structural components of the cell. Autophagy - ANSWERSSelf eating process Hypoxic cellular injury - ANSWERSIschemia which progresses to hypoxia. Lack of oxygen delivered to the cell causes a decrease in mitochondrial function. Causing a decrease production of ATP and increases anaerobic metabolism Reperfusion injury - ANSWERSMakes massive amounts of free radicals, super oxide and hydrogen peroxide free radicals cause cell damage and mitochondrial calcium overload. Reperfusion will lead to PH alterations, osmotic changes, inflammatory signaling and mitochondrial calcium overload. Causes opening of mitochondrial permeability transition poor which allows for the escape of ATP and leads to apoptosis Free radicals - ANSWERSProduced as a result of a normal cellular respiration, produced by the absorption of extreme energy sources such as radiation are UV light, produced by metabolism of chemicals, drugs and pesticides, produced by the transition of metals, produced by nitric oxide acting like a chemical mediator and as a free radical Reactive oxygen species - ANSWERSGenerated during auto oxidation in the mitochondria or by intracellular enzymatic pathways. Increased levels can lead to cellular apoptosis Alcohol deficiencies - ANSWERSFolic acid, magnesium, vitamin B six, thiamine and phosphorus necrosis - ANSWERSCell death occurring in the setting of irreversible cellular injury. Characterized by rapid loss of plasma membrane, organelle swelling, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Leads to local cell death and auto lysis which is when the cell complete auto digestion. Apoptosis - ANSWERSprocess of programmed cell death, Expected cellular process which leads to the cells distraction. Triggered by severe cell injury, accumulation of miss folded proteins,infections, obstruction and tissue ducts in organs with ducts Autophagy - ANSWERSAuto digestion of the cell. A key mechanism and cellular proliferation in development, remodeling, aging, cancer, heart disease, Neurodegenerative disease, antigen presentation, inflammation infection, metabolic diseases. Aging - ANSWERSProgressive loss of tissues and organs over time. Risk factors for many chronic diseases. Senescence - ANSWERSComplete and permanent cessation of cellular proliferation. Cells accumulate over time and cause organ dysfunction. Cause a loss of tissue repair abilities and produces inflammatory molecules. Helpful for wound healing and embryogenesis Extracellular changes with aging - ANSWERSFinding of collagen, increased free radical damage, structural changes of the fascia, tendons, ligaments, bones and joints and the development of arteriosclerosis. Affected by decreased synthesis and increase degration of collagen. Result in dehydration and wrinkling of the skin Body changes with aging - ANSWERSThymus atrophy losses of ova and women, decreased spermatogenesis and men, decrease responses to hormones from the breast tissue and injure metria. Gastric emptying decreases. Muscle atrophy result from aging. Height decreases neck thighand arm circumference decreases weight gain occurs for men and for women. Ketogenesis - ANSWERSFormation of Keytone bodies and occurs mostly in the mitochondria of the hepatic sites. occurs as a result of the unavailability of glucose. Deficient amounts of glucose may occur from the depletion of carbohydrate stores or may occur because the cell is not able to use glucose. Action potential - ANSWERSProcess by which excitable cells transmit information to one another. Typically occurs in nerve cells and all types of muscle cells. Alteration in this may result from neurologic disease, muscle disease or electrolyte in balance is. Cell membrane - ANSWERSResponsible for providing structure and protection of the cell, regulating cellular activity by receiving cellular signals, transport into and out of the cell, and cell to cell interaction. Composed of phospholipids, cholesterol and glycolipids. Highly permeable to lipid soluble substances such as carbon dioxide, oxygen, fatty acid's in steroid hormones. Not permeable to water soluble substances such as ions, glucose, and amino acid's Na/K ATPase - ANSWERSMain protein which is responsible for maintaining the correct balance of extracellular sodium and intracellular potassium. highly involved in action potential. Essential to maintaining the ionic balance because the cell membrane is more permeable to potassium can diffuse easily from the intracellular space to the extracellular space. Resting membrane potential - ANSWERSCharge between ICF and the ECF. -72 -85 mV Depolarization - ANSWERSMovement of intracellular charge towards zero Threshold potential - ANSWERSIntracellular space musty polarize by at least 15 to 20 mV. Intracellular charge has to reach and -55 to -65 mV. Phospholipids - ANSWERSResponsible for repairing cell membrane by folding in on themselves and forming a sealed compartment Repolarization - ANSWERSOnce the intracellular charge reaches zero, negative polarity of the inside of the cell goes back to baseline -70 to -85 mV Re-factory period - ANSWERSPeriod of time during which the cell resist stimulation and it cannot depolarize. Absolute occurs when the membrane will not respond to any stimulus no matter how strong. Relative occurs when the membrane is repolarizing and will only respond to a very strong stimulus hyper polarized - ANSWERSCells resting membrane potential is greater than -85 mV. Less excitable because there's greater distance between the resting membrane potential and the threshold potential Hypo polarized - ANSWERSCells resting membrane potential is closer to zero cell is more excitable because the resting membrane potential is closer to the threshold potential there is less distance between them Hypo kalemia - ANSWERSExtracellular potassium is depleted, intracellular potassium diffuses out of the cell easily. Causes the cell to be hyperpolarized. Greater stimulus is needed to depolarize Cristal and therefore conduct impulses. Causes decrease in neuromuscular excitability and leads to a weakness, smooth muscle atony, Paresthesia and cardiac dysrhythmias