NURS 5315 Advanced Pathophysiology Exam Latest 2024/2025
Questions And Answers/100%correct/Graded A+
1. Ovarian cancer Peritoneal surfaces, omentum (fold of peritoneum con-
site of metasta- necting the stomach with other abdominal organs), *liver*
sis?
2. The increased 1. Pyruvate --> lactic acid, causing lactic acidosis
NADH/NAD+ ra- 2. Oxaloacetate --> malate. This prevents gluconeogene-
tio in the liv- sis and leads to hypoglycemia
er from ethanol 3. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate --> glycerol 3- phosphate
causes: and combines with fatty acids to form triglycerides in the
liver, known as hepatosteatosis
4. Decreases citric acid cycle production of NADH and
leads to using Acetyl-CoA for ketogenesis and lipogene-
sis
3. What can Re- Heart disease, Alzheimers, Parkinsons, Amyotrophic Lat-
active Oxygen eral Sclerosis (ALS), CV disease, HTN, HLD, DM, is-
Species cause? chemic heart disease, HF, OSA. Lipid perioxidation, dam-
age proteins, fragment DNA, less *protein synthesis*,
chromatin destruction, damage mitochondria
4. What is the Antioxidants (Vitamin E, Vitamin C, cysteine, glutathione,
body's defense albumin, ceruloplasmin, transferrin)
against ROS?
5. How are free rad- 1. Normal cellular respiration
icals produced? 2. Absorption of extreme energy sources (radiation, UV
light)
3. Metabolism of exogenous chemicals, drugs, and pesti-
cides
4. Transition of metals
5. Nitric oxide acting like a chemical mediator and a free
radical
6. action potential Process of conducting an impulse. Activates the neuron
--> the neuron depolarizes --> then repolarizes
7. Threshold poten- Point at which depolarization must reach in order to initi-
tial ate an action potential
8.
, NURS 5315 Advanced Pathophysiology
Hypokalemia HYPERpolarized (more negative, ex. -100). Less ex-
and action citable. Decreased neuromuscular excitability: weakness,
potentials smooth muscle atony, paresthesia, cardiac dysrhythmias
9. Hyperkalemia HYPOpolarized (more positive, ex: closer to 0). More
and action excitable. Peaked T waves.
potentials When resting membrane potential=threshold potential, it
is BAD = cardiac standstill, paresthesia, paralysis
10. Hypocalcemia Increased permeability to Na+. More excitable. Tetany,
and action hyperreflexia, circumoral paresthesia, seizures, dysrhyth-
potentials mias.
11. Hypercalcemia Decreased permeability to Na+. Less excitable. Weak-
and action ness, hyporeflexia, fatigue, lethargy, confusion, en-
potentials cephalopathy, depressed T waves
12. Atrophy Occurs as a result of decrease in work load, pressure,
use, blood supply, nutrition, hormonal stimulation, or ner-
vous stimulation. Once the cell has decreased in size,
it has now compensated for decreased blood supply,
nerve supply, nutrient supply, hormonal supply, and has
achieved new homeostasis. Cells are alive but have di-
minished function and may lead to cellular death.
13. Atrophy exam- Physiologic atrophy- shrinking of the thymus gland during
ples childhood.
Disuse atrophy- someone that ends up being paralyzed
14. Hypertrophy Increase in SIZE of cells, which will lead to increase
in size of organ. Caused by hormonal stimulation or in-
creased functional demand.
15. Hypertrophy ex- physiologic hypertrophy- skeletal hypertrophy when a
amples person does heavy work or weight lifting / when a kidney
is surgically removed, the other kidney increases in size
pathologic hypertrophy- cardiomegaly results from an in-
creased workload in hypertensive patients / *left ventric-
ular hypertrophy*
, NURS 5315 Advanced Pathophysiology
16. Hyperplasia Increase in NUMBER of cells. Results from increased rate
of mitosis. Can ONLY happen in cells that are capable of
mitosis (cell division).
17. Hyperplasia ex- 1. Thickening of skin because of hyperplasia of epidermal
amples cells.
2. Hormonal hyperplasia- occurs in estrogen dependent
organs like uterus and breast.
3. Compensatory hyperplasia- liver regenerates, callus on
skin
4. Pathologic hyperplasia- estrogen is unopposed by
progesterone and the endometrial lining undergoes hy-
perplasia and increased risk for endometrial cancer
18. Dysplasia abnormal changes in the size, shape, and organization
of mature cells due to persistent, severe cell injury or
irritation
19. Dysplasia exam- Pre cancer pap smears often show dysplastic cells of the
ples cervix that must undergo treatment.
20. Metaplasia Changed cell that is REVERSIBLE (one cell is replaced
by another cell). Exposure to chronic stressors, injury
or irritation, like smoking or hydrochloric acid from heart
burn
21. Metaplasia ex- Most common is change from columnar cells to squa-
amples mous cells (chronic smokers).
Less common is change from squamous to columnar
cells, like in Barrett Esophagus caused by heart burn.
22. Carcinoma in Pre-invasive epithelial malignant tumors of glandular or
situ squamous origin. Sites including cervix, skin, oral cavity,
esophagus, and bronchus
23. Hypoxic injury 1. Decrease in oxygen in the air (high altitudes, asphyxi-
ation, drowning)
2. Loss of hemoglobin function (hemorrhage or sickle cell
anemia)
3. Decrease in production of red blood cells (anemia or
Questions And Answers/100%correct/Graded A+
1. Ovarian cancer Peritoneal surfaces, omentum (fold of peritoneum con-
site of metasta- necting the stomach with other abdominal organs), *liver*
sis?
2. The increased 1. Pyruvate --> lactic acid, causing lactic acidosis
NADH/NAD+ ra- 2. Oxaloacetate --> malate. This prevents gluconeogene-
tio in the liv- sis and leads to hypoglycemia
er from ethanol 3. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate --> glycerol 3- phosphate
causes: and combines with fatty acids to form triglycerides in the
liver, known as hepatosteatosis
4. Decreases citric acid cycle production of NADH and
leads to using Acetyl-CoA for ketogenesis and lipogene-
sis
3. What can Re- Heart disease, Alzheimers, Parkinsons, Amyotrophic Lat-
active Oxygen eral Sclerosis (ALS), CV disease, HTN, HLD, DM, is-
Species cause? chemic heart disease, HF, OSA. Lipid perioxidation, dam-
age proteins, fragment DNA, less *protein synthesis*,
chromatin destruction, damage mitochondria
4. What is the Antioxidants (Vitamin E, Vitamin C, cysteine, glutathione,
body's defense albumin, ceruloplasmin, transferrin)
against ROS?
5. How are free rad- 1. Normal cellular respiration
icals produced? 2. Absorption of extreme energy sources (radiation, UV
light)
3. Metabolism of exogenous chemicals, drugs, and pesti-
cides
4. Transition of metals
5. Nitric oxide acting like a chemical mediator and a free
radical
6. action potential Process of conducting an impulse. Activates the neuron
--> the neuron depolarizes --> then repolarizes
7. Threshold poten- Point at which depolarization must reach in order to initi-
tial ate an action potential
8.
, NURS 5315 Advanced Pathophysiology
Hypokalemia HYPERpolarized (more negative, ex. -100). Less ex-
and action citable. Decreased neuromuscular excitability: weakness,
potentials smooth muscle atony, paresthesia, cardiac dysrhythmias
9. Hyperkalemia HYPOpolarized (more positive, ex: closer to 0). More
and action excitable. Peaked T waves.
potentials When resting membrane potential=threshold potential, it
is BAD = cardiac standstill, paresthesia, paralysis
10. Hypocalcemia Increased permeability to Na+. More excitable. Tetany,
and action hyperreflexia, circumoral paresthesia, seizures, dysrhyth-
potentials mias.
11. Hypercalcemia Decreased permeability to Na+. Less excitable. Weak-
and action ness, hyporeflexia, fatigue, lethargy, confusion, en-
potentials cephalopathy, depressed T waves
12. Atrophy Occurs as a result of decrease in work load, pressure,
use, blood supply, nutrition, hormonal stimulation, or ner-
vous stimulation. Once the cell has decreased in size,
it has now compensated for decreased blood supply,
nerve supply, nutrient supply, hormonal supply, and has
achieved new homeostasis. Cells are alive but have di-
minished function and may lead to cellular death.
13. Atrophy exam- Physiologic atrophy- shrinking of the thymus gland during
ples childhood.
Disuse atrophy- someone that ends up being paralyzed
14. Hypertrophy Increase in SIZE of cells, which will lead to increase
in size of organ. Caused by hormonal stimulation or in-
creased functional demand.
15. Hypertrophy ex- physiologic hypertrophy- skeletal hypertrophy when a
amples person does heavy work or weight lifting / when a kidney
is surgically removed, the other kidney increases in size
pathologic hypertrophy- cardiomegaly results from an in-
creased workload in hypertensive patients / *left ventric-
ular hypertrophy*
, NURS 5315 Advanced Pathophysiology
16. Hyperplasia Increase in NUMBER of cells. Results from increased rate
of mitosis. Can ONLY happen in cells that are capable of
mitosis (cell division).
17. Hyperplasia ex- 1. Thickening of skin because of hyperplasia of epidermal
amples cells.
2. Hormonal hyperplasia- occurs in estrogen dependent
organs like uterus and breast.
3. Compensatory hyperplasia- liver regenerates, callus on
skin
4. Pathologic hyperplasia- estrogen is unopposed by
progesterone and the endometrial lining undergoes hy-
perplasia and increased risk for endometrial cancer
18. Dysplasia abnormal changes in the size, shape, and organization
of mature cells due to persistent, severe cell injury or
irritation
19. Dysplasia exam- Pre cancer pap smears often show dysplastic cells of the
ples cervix that must undergo treatment.
20. Metaplasia Changed cell that is REVERSIBLE (one cell is replaced
by another cell). Exposure to chronic stressors, injury
or irritation, like smoking or hydrochloric acid from heart
burn
21. Metaplasia ex- Most common is change from columnar cells to squa-
amples mous cells (chronic smokers).
Less common is change from squamous to columnar
cells, like in Barrett Esophagus caused by heart burn.
22. Carcinoma in Pre-invasive epithelial malignant tumors of glandular or
situ squamous origin. Sites including cervix, skin, oral cavity,
esophagus, and bronchus
23. Hypoxic injury 1. Decrease in oxygen in the air (high altitudes, asphyxi-
ation, drowning)
2. Loss of hemoglobin function (hemorrhage or sickle cell
anemia)
3. Decrease in production of red blood cells (anemia or
