Dental Radiography Review for Final Exam Chap 1 - 34
1. Radiation: Energy carried by waves or a stream of particles
2. Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen: Discovered x-rays
3. William H. Rollins: Developed the first x-ray unit
4. Electrons: Negatively charged particles
5. Radioactivity: Process by which certain unstable atoms or elements undergo
spontaneous disintergration, or decay, in an effort to attain a more balanced
nuclear state
6. X-rays: Travel in waves with a specific frequency at the speed of light
7. Neutrons: Accelerated particles with a mass of 1 and no electrical charge
8. Electromagnetic Radiation: Man made or naturlly occuring, wavelike energy,
no mass/weight, travels at speed of light
9. Scatter Radiation: Detrimental to both patient and operator. Form of secondary
radiation, results from x-ray being deflected, travels to all parts of patients body
and dental operatory.
10. Insulating Oil: Surrounds the x-ray tube and transformers inside the
tubehead; prevents overheating by absorbing the heat created by the
production of x-rays
11. Step Up: Used to increase the voltage from the incoming 110 or 220 line
voltage to the 65,000 to 100, 000 volts used by the high voltage circuit
12. Electrons strike the tungsten target, their energy of motion (kinetic
energy) is converted to x-ray energy and heat. What percent is converted
to x-rays: Less than 1%...the remaining 99% is lost as heat
13. Density: The overall darkness or blackness of a film
14. Contrast: How sharply dark and light areas are differentiated or separated on
film...difference in degrees of blackness between adjacent areas
15. Exposure Time: Measured in impulses; interval of time durings which x-rays
are produced
16. Position-Indicating Device (PID): Aims and shapes the x-ray beam; open
ended, lead lined cylinder that extends from the opening of the metal housing
of the tubehead. Sometimes referred to as the cone.
17. Anode: Converts electrons into x-ray photons.
18. Quality: The penetrating ability, or mean energy of the x-ray beam
19. Voltage is increased electrons move from the cathode to the anode with:
With more speed; voltage determines the speed of electrons that travel from
the negative cathode to the positive anode.
20. Lead Collimator: Restricts size of x-ray beam
21. Product of milliamperes and exposure time is: Milliampere-seconds
, 22. Difference between collimator and PID: Collimator restricts size of x-ray
beam PID aims and shapes x-ray beam
23 Nonstochastic eff fect examples: Erythema, hair loss, cataract formation and
decreased fertility
24. Total Dose: Quantity of radiation recieved
25. Cells that are sensitive to radiation recieve more damage, examples are: -
Rapidly dividing cells and young cells
26. Short Term Radiation Effects: Associated with large amounts or radiation
absorbed in a short period of time
27. Latent period, more radiation and the faster the dose rate means: The
shorter the latent period
28. Traditional unit of radiation measurement, unit of dose, is termed: rad -
radiations absorbed dose
29. Cell that is most sensitive to radiation is: Blood
30. Naturally occuring background radiation includes: Cosmic and terrestrial
radiation
31. Dental x-ray machines operating above 70kVp requires a minimum total of
what aluminum filtration and under 70 kVp requires: Over 2.5 mm, Under
1.5 mm
32. Aluminum Filters: Filters out low energy, long wavelength x-rays from the x-
ray beam
33. Thyroid Collar: May exists as a separate shield or as part of a lead apron; used
in intraoral films not extraoral films
34. X-rays exiting from the conical PID, they penetrate the plastic and
produce: Scatter Radiation
35. Fastest intraoral film currently available is: F-speed film
36. Protection guidelines are based on the following rule: The dental
radiographer must avoid the primary beam
37. F-speed film use reduces exposure by what percents over D-speed film: -
60%
38. PIDs that do not produce scatter radiation are: Round and Rectangular
39. MAD - Maximum accumalted dosetermed: Permitted lifetime radiation dose
40. ALARA: As low as reasonable achievable
41. Ionization and free radical formation: Mechanism of radiation injury when x-
radiation is absorbed
1. Radiation: Energy carried by waves or a stream of particles
2. Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen: Discovered x-rays
3. William H. Rollins: Developed the first x-ray unit
4. Electrons: Negatively charged particles
5. Radioactivity: Process by which certain unstable atoms or elements undergo
spontaneous disintergration, or decay, in an effort to attain a more balanced
nuclear state
6. X-rays: Travel in waves with a specific frequency at the speed of light
7. Neutrons: Accelerated particles with a mass of 1 and no electrical charge
8. Electromagnetic Radiation: Man made or naturlly occuring, wavelike energy,
no mass/weight, travels at speed of light
9. Scatter Radiation: Detrimental to both patient and operator. Form of secondary
radiation, results from x-ray being deflected, travels to all parts of patients body
and dental operatory.
10. Insulating Oil: Surrounds the x-ray tube and transformers inside the
tubehead; prevents overheating by absorbing the heat created by the
production of x-rays
11. Step Up: Used to increase the voltage from the incoming 110 or 220 line
voltage to the 65,000 to 100, 000 volts used by the high voltage circuit
12. Electrons strike the tungsten target, their energy of motion (kinetic
energy) is converted to x-ray energy and heat. What percent is converted
to x-rays: Less than 1%...the remaining 99% is lost as heat
13. Density: The overall darkness or blackness of a film
14. Contrast: How sharply dark and light areas are differentiated or separated on
film...difference in degrees of blackness between adjacent areas
15. Exposure Time: Measured in impulses; interval of time durings which x-rays
are produced
16. Position-Indicating Device (PID): Aims and shapes the x-ray beam; open
ended, lead lined cylinder that extends from the opening of the metal housing
of the tubehead. Sometimes referred to as the cone.
17. Anode: Converts electrons into x-ray photons.
18. Quality: The penetrating ability, or mean energy of the x-ray beam
19. Voltage is increased electrons move from the cathode to the anode with:
With more speed; voltage determines the speed of electrons that travel from
the negative cathode to the positive anode.
20. Lead Collimator: Restricts size of x-ray beam
21. Product of milliamperes and exposure time is: Milliampere-seconds
, 22. Difference between collimator and PID: Collimator restricts size of x-ray
beam PID aims and shapes x-ray beam
23 Nonstochastic eff fect examples: Erythema, hair loss, cataract formation and
decreased fertility
24. Total Dose: Quantity of radiation recieved
25. Cells that are sensitive to radiation recieve more damage, examples are: -
Rapidly dividing cells and young cells
26. Short Term Radiation Effects: Associated with large amounts or radiation
absorbed in a short period of time
27. Latent period, more radiation and the faster the dose rate means: The
shorter the latent period
28. Traditional unit of radiation measurement, unit of dose, is termed: rad -
radiations absorbed dose
29. Cell that is most sensitive to radiation is: Blood
30. Naturally occuring background radiation includes: Cosmic and terrestrial
radiation
31. Dental x-ray machines operating above 70kVp requires a minimum total of
what aluminum filtration and under 70 kVp requires: Over 2.5 mm, Under
1.5 mm
32. Aluminum Filters: Filters out low energy, long wavelength x-rays from the x-
ray beam
33. Thyroid Collar: May exists as a separate shield or as part of a lead apron; used
in intraoral films not extraoral films
34. X-rays exiting from the conical PID, they penetrate the plastic and
produce: Scatter Radiation
35. Fastest intraoral film currently available is: F-speed film
36. Protection guidelines are based on the following rule: The dental
radiographer must avoid the primary beam
37. F-speed film use reduces exposure by what percents over D-speed film: -
60%
38. PIDs that do not produce scatter radiation are: Round and Rectangular
39. MAD - Maximum accumalted dosetermed: Permitted lifetime radiation dose
40. ALARA: As low as reasonable achievable
41. Ionization and free radical formation: Mechanism of radiation injury when x-
radiation is absorbed
