TEST BANK
Understanding the Australian Health Care System
Louise Reynolds, Deborah Debono, and Joanne Travaglia
5th Edition
,Table of Contents
Chapter 01 Understanding the Australian Health Care System 1
Chapter 03 The Private Health Sector and Private Health Insurance 5
Chapter 04 International Health Care Systems 9
Chapter 05 Public Health in Australia 12
Chapter 07 The Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme 15
Chapter 09 Equity and Access: A Spotlight on Rural Health 19
Chapter 10 Indigenous Health Systems and Services 23
Chapter 12 People Living With Disability: Navigating Support and Health Systems 27
Chapter 13 Australian Workers’ Compensation Systems 31
Chapter 14 The Complementary and Alternative Health Care System in Australia 36
Chapter 15 Oral Health and Dental Services 40
Chapter 16 Digital Health and the Divide 43
Chapter 17 Australia’s Health Workforce 46
Chapter 18 Clinical Exercise Physiology in the Australian Health Care System 50
Chapter 19 Nutrition and Dietetics: Promoting Health for all Australians 53
Chapter 21 The Medical Profession in Australia 57
Chapter 22 Midwifery in Australia 60
Chapter 23 Nursing in Australia 64
Chapter 24 Occupational Therapy 67
Chapter 25 Paramedicine and the Health Care System 71
Chapter 26 The Pharmacist’s Unique Contribution to Australia’s Health System 74
Chapter 27 Health Profession Regulation: The Case of Physiotherapy 76
Chapter 28 Speech Pathology and Audiology: Assessment and Intervention for
Communication Impairment 79
,______________________________________________________________________________________________
Test Bank - Understanding the Australian Health Care System, 5th Edition (Reynolds, 2024)
Reynolds: Understanding the Australian Health Care System, 5th edition
Chapter 01: Understanding the Australian Health Care System: How to Use This Book
Test Bank
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Which of the following does the sociologist Freidson define as key characteristics of health
professionals?
a. Autonomy of practice and capacity to self-regulate
b. Strong service ethic with set standards and ideals
c. Specialised and accredited training
d. All of the above
ANS: D
Freidson regarded medicine as the ‘gold standard that all the other professions aspired to’ and
defined the key characteristics of health professionals as strong service ethic with set standards
and ideals, specialised and accredited training, autonomy of practice and capacity to
self-regulate.
2. Eliot Freidson defined a profession as a group of workers who:
a. have the knowledge and skills to do a highly specialised task.
b. make the tools for a particular occupation.
c. earn over $100,000 per year.
d. are affiliated with a union.
ANS: A
Eliot Freidson suggested that where the knowledge and skills required to perform a task are
highly specialised, control of the work is recognised as being held in the hands of a profession.
3. The most significant factor in any health care reform is:
a. who pays for the services that are provided.
b. how much of a priority it is on the government policy agenda.
c. what roles the governments and the market play.
d. none of the above.
ANS: A
______________________________________________________________________________________________
1|Page
,______________________________________________________________________________________________
Test Bank - Understanding the Australian Health Care System, 5th Edition (Reynolds, 2024)
Fundamental to any theory of health care reform is the question of who pays for the services that
are provided.
4. The term ‘medical dominance’ can mean that:
a. doctors have power over most other health professionals for various reasons.
b. doctors have the highest level of skills and education.
c. there are more doctors than any other health profession.
d. doctors are the most trustworthy.
ANS: A
This trust is given to professionals by the State and the patient because it is assumed that they
work in the best interest of their patients with a high level of skill underpinned by a high level of
education (Freidson 1970a, 1970b). This gives the profession considerable esteem in the eyes of patients
and in some instances power over the work of other health professionals. This power over other
professions is described as medical dominance (Kenny 2004; Willis 1983).
5. What is one of the ways governments have worked towards controlling the escalating costs
of health care?
a. Negotiating with health professions, particularly doctors
b. Imposing health care reforms
c. Trialling new pricing mechanisms each financial year
d. Limiting access to service for some population groups
ANS: B
As governments have increasingly strived to control costs through imposing health care reforms,
they have moved to negotiate with the health professions, particularly medicine. Ultimately,
these negotiations are over the control that the medical profession has within the health care
system and attempts to curb that power through reforms, as well as control of costs.
6. Ahpra stands for:
a. Australasian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency.
b. Australian Health Professional Regulation Agency.
c. Australian Health Practitioner Registration Agency.
d. Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency.
ANS: D
______________________________________________________________________________________________
2|Page
,______________________________________________________________________________________________
Test Bank - Understanding the Australian Health Care System, 5th Edition (Reynolds, 2024)
The correct name is Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency.
7. In the public-integrated model, hospitals and health services are funded directly by the
government as part of the welfare state through levies and taxation. Which of the following
statements is true regarding application of this model to the Australian health care system?
a. Medicare fits the welfare market model.
b. Medicare funding for public hospitals fits this model.
c. Concentrating on one of the social determinants of health at a time fits this model.
d. Medicare fits the private insurance model.
ANS: B
The models are the public-integrated model, the public-contracted model and the private
insurance model. In the public-integrated model, hospitals and health services are funded directly
by the government as part of the welfare state through levies and taxation. Medicare funding for
public hospitals fits this model (public-integrated model).
8. Neoliberals hold the view that:
a. the social determinants of health should be addressed using a coordinated approach.
b. individuals tend to act in their own self-interest.
c. policies should concentrate on one of the social determinants of health at a time.
ANS: B
Neoliberals hold the view that individuals tend to act in their own self-interest. As a
consequence, they believe that, in a robust democracy, there should be maximum freedom of
choice for the individual and limited interference by governments in citizens’ lives or in their
business dealings, in the belief that individuals will strive to achieve the best outcomes for
themselves.
9. Tuohy’s theory of structural balance and institutional mix refers to the:
a. introduction of the Medicare co-payment balanced with the gap fee charged by GPs.
b. balance of power between various professionals and the mix of private and public service
provision.
c. understanding of the tension between government and consumers in health policy.
d. conceptualisation of the history of the Australian health care system.
ANS: B
______________________________________________________________________________________________
3|Page
,______________________________________________________________________________________________
Test Bank - Understanding the Australian Health Care System, 5th Edition (Reynolds, 2024)
Tuohy (1999) refers to the idea that all the conditions for change must be right before it can be
achieved as the institutional mix.
10. Efficiency and productivity of the health care system based on ‘new public management’
(NPM) has incorporated one or more of the following competitive practices (select all that
apply):
a. Paying public hospitals bonuses if they see more patients
b. Activity-based funding
c. Outsourcing non-essential services in the public sector
d. Increasing the ‘gap’ paid by patients
ANS: A, B, C
The State may employ market mechanisms, or take control of the collegial system, or the private
system might enter into arrangements with the State to the point that these systems are now
radically changed. The classic example of this is the way in which the State has introduced
market measures into the welfare state forms of health care provision. This is called new public
management and it is driven by a philosophy called neoliberalism and the practices of economic
rationalism.
______________________________________________________________________________________________
4|Page
,______________________________________________________________________________________________
Test Bank - Understanding the Australian Health Care System, 5th Edition (Reynolds, 2024)
Reynolds: Understanding the Australian Health Care System, 5th edition
Chapter 03: The Private Health Sector and Private Health Insurance
Test Bank
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Political parties and political ideology in Australia have influenced the health care field;
which parties take an individualistic approach and promote the private market as best able to
deliver health care?
a. The Greens and Families First
b. The Australian Labor Party
c. The Liberal and National parties
d. None of the above
ANS: C
Political parties and political ideology in Australia have influenced the health care field. Social
democratic parties such as the Australian Labor Party focus on a collective approach to health
care, ensuring equitable access in a publicly funded system. Conservative parties, such as the
Liberal and National parties, take an individualistic approach and promote the private market as
best able to deliver health care.
2. Private health insurance (PHI) in Australia:
a. began after World War II for returning soldiers and their families.
b. came into existence as a response to the post-war migrant boom.
c. began with the development of Friendly Society movements to assist members during sickness
or unemployment.
d. started off as a scheme for less-wealthy Australians to save money for their health
requirements.
ANS: C
PHI in Australia began with the Friendly Society movements of the 1840s. These were mutual
associations, established to assist members during sickness or unemployment by providing them
with health or welfare insurance. Individuals were able to join a Friendly Society for an annual
fee, and subscription gave its members access to a Friendly Society doctor and to medicine
dispensed by a Friendly Society dispensary.
3. The private health sector is organised as a combination of:
______________________________________________________________________________________________
5|Page
, ______________________________________________________________________________________________
Test Bank - Understanding the Australian Health Care System, 5th Edition (Reynolds, 2024)
a. private hospitals and a few related allied health services.
b. private hospitals, pharmacies and some aged-care facilities.
c. private hospitals, most medical, dental and allied health services, pharmacies, much of the
aged care sector, most radiology and pathology services, private health insurance, and
manufacturers of medical devices and e-health technologies.
d. none of the above.
ANS: C
The private sector comprises private hospitals, most medical, dental and allied health services,
pharmacies, much of the aged care sector, most radiology and pathology services, PHI and
companies engaged in the manufacturing or sale of medical devices and e-health technologies.
4. The private health sector is:
a. subject to National Safety and Quality Health Service Standards of care.
b. expected to comply with different standards to those of the public health sector.
c. regulated by the federal government only.
d. none of the above.
ANS: A
Both private and public hospitals are subject to National Safety and Quality Health Service
Standards of care. The states and territories also have their own legislation to regulate private
health facilities and enforce licensing standards.
5. Government arguments that support a strong private sector mostly focus on:
a. patients getting more choice and flexibility relating to services.
b. reducing and containing health expenditure.
c. everyone being entitled to buy the same product for the same price.
d. none of the above.
ANS: B
In 1997, major changes were introduced to address what the government perceived as the
‘problem’ of low PHI membership. It was claimed that Australia needed a ‘dual system’ of both
public and private provision, one argument being that having a vibrant private system would take
the pressure off the public system. The government took the position that the public system
should be available primarily for those who needed it, with people able to afford PHI encouraged
to use the private system.
6. The private health sector is characterised by:
______________________________________________________________________________________________
6|Page
Understanding the Australian Health Care System
Louise Reynolds, Deborah Debono, and Joanne Travaglia
5th Edition
,Table of Contents
Chapter 01 Understanding the Australian Health Care System 1
Chapter 03 The Private Health Sector and Private Health Insurance 5
Chapter 04 International Health Care Systems 9
Chapter 05 Public Health in Australia 12
Chapter 07 The Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme 15
Chapter 09 Equity and Access: A Spotlight on Rural Health 19
Chapter 10 Indigenous Health Systems and Services 23
Chapter 12 People Living With Disability: Navigating Support and Health Systems 27
Chapter 13 Australian Workers’ Compensation Systems 31
Chapter 14 The Complementary and Alternative Health Care System in Australia 36
Chapter 15 Oral Health and Dental Services 40
Chapter 16 Digital Health and the Divide 43
Chapter 17 Australia’s Health Workforce 46
Chapter 18 Clinical Exercise Physiology in the Australian Health Care System 50
Chapter 19 Nutrition and Dietetics: Promoting Health for all Australians 53
Chapter 21 The Medical Profession in Australia 57
Chapter 22 Midwifery in Australia 60
Chapter 23 Nursing in Australia 64
Chapter 24 Occupational Therapy 67
Chapter 25 Paramedicine and the Health Care System 71
Chapter 26 The Pharmacist’s Unique Contribution to Australia’s Health System 74
Chapter 27 Health Profession Regulation: The Case of Physiotherapy 76
Chapter 28 Speech Pathology and Audiology: Assessment and Intervention for
Communication Impairment 79
,______________________________________________________________________________________________
Test Bank - Understanding the Australian Health Care System, 5th Edition (Reynolds, 2024)
Reynolds: Understanding the Australian Health Care System, 5th edition
Chapter 01: Understanding the Australian Health Care System: How to Use This Book
Test Bank
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Which of the following does the sociologist Freidson define as key characteristics of health
professionals?
a. Autonomy of practice and capacity to self-regulate
b. Strong service ethic with set standards and ideals
c. Specialised and accredited training
d. All of the above
ANS: D
Freidson regarded medicine as the ‘gold standard that all the other professions aspired to’ and
defined the key characteristics of health professionals as strong service ethic with set standards
and ideals, specialised and accredited training, autonomy of practice and capacity to
self-regulate.
2. Eliot Freidson defined a profession as a group of workers who:
a. have the knowledge and skills to do a highly specialised task.
b. make the tools for a particular occupation.
c. earn over $100,000 per year.
d. are affiliated with a union.
ANS: A
Eliot Freidson suggested that where the knowledge and skills required to perform a task are
highly specialised, control of the work is recognised as being held in the hands of a profession.
3. The most significant factor in any health care reform is:
a. who pays for the services that are provided.
b. how much of a priority it is on the government policy agenda.
c. what roles the governments and the market play.
d. none of the above.
ANS: A
______________________________________________________________________________________________
1|Page
,______________________________________________________________________________________________
Test Bank - Understanding the Australian Health Care System, 5th Edition (Reynolds, 2024)
Fundamental to any theory of health care reform is the question of who pays for the services that
are provided.
4. The term ‘medical dominance’ can mean that:
a. doctors have power over most other health professionals for various reasons.
b. doctors have the highest level of skills and education.
c. there are more doctors than any other health profession.
d. doctors are the most trustworthy.
ANS: A
This trust is given to professionals by the State and the patient because it is assumed that they
work in the best interest of their patients with a high level of skill underpinned by a high level of
education (Freidson 1970a, 1970b). This gives the profession considerable esteem in the eyes of patients
and in some instances power over the work of other health professionals. This power over other
professions is described as medical dominance (Kenny 2004; Willis 1983).
5. What is one of the ways governments have worked towards controlling the escalating costs
of health care?
a. Negotiating with health professions, particularly doctors
b. Imposing health care reforms
c. Trialling new pricing mechanisms each financial year
d. Limiting access to service for some population groups
ANS: B
As governments have increasingly strived to control costs through imposing health care reforms,
they have moved to negotiate with the health professions, particularly medicine. Ultimately,
these negotiations are over the control that the medical profession has within the health care
system and attempts to curb that power through reforms, as well as control of costs.
6. Ahpra stands for:
a. Australasian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency.
b. Australian Health Professional Regulation Agency.
c. Australian Health Practitioner Registration Agency.
d. Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency.
ANS: D
______________________________________________________________________________________________
2|Page
,______________________________________________________________________________________________
Test Bank - Understanding the Australian Health Care System, 5th Edition (Reynolds, 2024)
The correct name is Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency.
7. In the public-integrated model, hospitals and health services are funded directly by the
government as part of the welfare state through levies and taxation. Which of the following
statements is true regarding application of this model to the Australian health care system?
a. Medicare fits the welfare market model.
b. Medicare funding for public hospitals fits this model.
c. Concentrating on one of the social determinants of health at a time fits this model.
d. Medicare fits the private insurance model.
ANS: B
The models are the public-integrated model, the public-contracted model and the private
insurance model. In the public-integrated model, hospitals and health services are funded directly
by the government as part of the welfare state through levies and taxation. Medicare funding for
public hospitals fits this model (public-integrated model).
8. Neoliberals hold the view that:
a. the social determinants of health should be addressed using a coordinated approach.
b. individuals tend to act in their own self-interest.
c. policies should concentrate on one of the social determinants of health at a time.
ANS: B
Neoliberals hold the view that individuals tend to act in their own self-interest. As a
consequence, they believe that, in a robust democracy, there should be maximum freedom of
choice for the individual and limited interference by governments in citizens’ lives or in their
business dealings, in the belief that individuals will strive to achieve the best outcomes for
themselves.
9. Tuohy’s theory of structural balance and institutional mix refers to the:
a. introduction of the Medicare co-payment balanced with the gap fee charged by GPs.
b. balance of power between various professionals and the mix of private and public service
provision.
c. understanding of the tension between government and consumers in health policy.
d. conceptualisation of the history of the Australian health care system.
ANS: B
______________________________________________________________________________________________
3|Page
,______________________________________________________________________________________________
Test Bank - Understanding the Australian Health Care System, 5th Edition (Reynolds, 2024)
Tuohy (1999) refers to the idea that all the conditions for change must be right before it can be
achieved as the institutional mix.
10. Efficiency and productivity of the health care system based on ‘new public management’
(NPM) has incorporated one or more of the following competitive practices (select all that
apply):
a. Paying public hospitals bonuses if they see more patients
b. Activity-based funding
c. Outsourcing non-essential services in the public sector
d. Increasing the ‘gap’ paid by patients
ANS: A, B, C
The State may employ market mechanisms, or take control of the collegial system, or the private
system might enter into arrangements with the State to the point that these systems are now
radically changed. The classic example of this is the way in which the State has introduced
market measures into the welfare state forms of health care provision. This is called new public
management and it is driven by a philosophy called neoliberalism and the practices of economic
rationalism.
______________________________________________________________________________________________
4|Page
,______________________________________________________________________________________________
Test Bank - Understanding the Australian Health Care System, 5th Edition (Reynolds, 2024)
Reynolds: Understanding the Australian Health Care System, 5th edition
Chapter 03: The Private Health Sector and Private Health Insurance
Test Bank
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Political parties and political ideology in Australia have influenced the health care field;
which parties take an individualistic approach and promote the private market as best able to
deliver health care?
a. The Greens and Families First
b. The Australian Labor Party
c. The Liberal and National parties
d. None of the above
ANS: C
Political parties and political ideology in Australia have influenced the health care field. Social
democratic parties such as the Australian Labor Party focus on a collective approach to health
care, ensuring equitable access in a publicly funded system. Conservative parties, such as the
Liberal and National parties, take an individualistic approach and promote the private market as
best able to deliver health care.
2. Private health insurance (PHI) in Australia:
a. began after World War II for returning soldiers and their families.
b. came into existence as a response to the post-war migrant boom.
c. began with the development of Friendly Society movements to assist members during sickness
or unemployment.
d. started off as a scheme for less-wealthy Australians to save money for their health
requirements.
ANS: C
PHI in Australia began with the Friendly Society movements of the 1840s. These were mutual
associations, established to assist members during sickness or unemployment by providing them
with health or welfare insurance. Individuals were able to join a Friendly Society for an annual
fee, and subscription gave its members access to a Friendly Society doctor and to medicine
dispensed by a Friendly Society dispensary.
3. The private health sector is organised as a combination of:
______________________________________________________________________________________________
5|Page
, ______________________________________________________________________________________________
Test Bank - Understanding the Australian Health Care System, 5th Edition (Reynolds, 2024)
a. private hospitals and a few related allied health services.
b. private hospitals, pharmacies and some aged-care facilities.
c. private hospitals, most medical, dental and allied health services, pharmacies, much of the
aged care sector, most radiology and pathology services, private health insurance, and
manufacturers of medical devices and e-health technologies.
d. none of the above.
ANS: C
The private sector comprises private hospitals, most medical, dental and allied health services,
pharmacies, much of the aged care sector, most radiology and pathology services, PHI and
companies engaged in the manufacturing or sale of medical devices and e-health technologies.
4. The private health sector is:
a. subject to National Safety and Quality Health Service Standards of care.
b. expected to comply with different standards to those of the public health sector.
c. regulated by the federal government only.
d. none of the above.
ANS: A
Both private and public hospitals are subject to National Safety and Quality Health Service
Standards of care. The states and territories also have their own legislation to regulate private
health facilities and enforce licensing standards.
5. Government arguments that support a strong private sector mostly focus on:
a. patients getting more choice and flexibility relating to services.
b. reducing and containing health expenditure.
c. everyone being entitled to buy the same product for the same price.
d. none of the above.
ANS: B
In 1997, major changes were introduced to address what the government perceived as the
‘problem’ of low PHI membership. It was claimed that Australia needed a ‘dual system’ of both
public and private provision, one argument being that having a vibrant private system would take
the pressure off the public system. The government took the position that the public system
should be available primarily for those who needed it, with people able to afford PHI encouraged
to use the private system.
6. The private health sector is characterised by:
______________________________________________________________________________________________
6|Page
