1
HUMAN PATHOPHYSIOLOGY COMPLETE
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS
(VERIFIED ANSWERS)
QUESTION: Pathophyiology
Ans: the science that deals with cellular & organ changes that occur
with disease, and the effects of such changes on the structure and function of
cells, organs, and the body.
QUESTION: smoking
Ans: is responsible for approximately 20% of all deaths in the U.S
QUESTION: Duration of Exposure & Intensity of Exposure
Ans: Adaptation vs. Injury within a cell/tissue is dependent on
QUESTION: Edema
Examarsenal | Jan, 2025/2026 | Latest update
, 2
Ans: causes:
1. increased capillary filtration pressure (water; hydrostatic pressure)
2. decreased capillary oncotic pressure (protein; suspended not dissolved)
3. increased capillary permeability (inflammation, et al.)
QUESTION: When do free radicals form?
Ans: During normal cellular respiration
QUESTION: Electron transfer system of the mitochondria
Ans: There are at least four places where pairs of electrons are naturally
passed between atoms/molecules to facilitate the biochemical processes. What is
the mechanism of movement called?
QUESTION: superoxide radical
Ans: oxygen with extra electrons.
A type of reactive oxygen species
QUESTION: reactive oxygen species
Examarsenal | Jan, 2025/2026 | Latest update
, 3
Ans: superoxide radical, hydrogen peroxide, and reactive hydroxyl molecules
QUESTION: enzymes
Ans: facilitate the pairing-up of free radicals within the body/cell and
transferring electrons
QUESTION: Iron
Ans: radicalized H2O2 can also spontaneously react with __________ to form
radicalized iron
QUESTION: 3 problems with free radicals
Ans: 1) Free radicals can bump into proteins in cells & organelle membranes, or
into DNA itself, and break the bonds between atoms/molecules - thus damaging
and/or inactivating them
2)Oxygen radicals (and others) can be incorporated into other molecules (like
proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids [note: polyunsaturated fatty
acids are the worst-case scenario]) and can disable/inactivate them
3) Oxygen radicals can steal an electron from another atom/molecule to stabilize
themselves, thus setting-up a chain-reaction of
stealing/radicalization/stabilizing.
QUESTION: hypoxemia
Examarsenal | Jan, 2025/2026 | Latest update
, 4
Ans:
QUESTION: hypoxia
Ans:
QUESTION: ischemia
Ans:
QUESTION: foam cells
Ans: associated with a self-perpetuating cylce of chronic (local) inflammation
at the site of macrophage encounter
QUESTION: vitamin C
Ans: the most abundant/active water-soluble scavenger [from citrus, tomatoes,
etc]
QUESTION: vitamin E
Ans: the most active fat-soluble (membrane-dependent) scavenger [from
broccoli, almonds, corn/soybean/sunflower oils, etc]
Examarsenal | Jan, 2025/2026 | Latest update
HUMAN PATHOPHYSIOLOGY COMPLETE
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS
(VERIFIED ANSWERS)
QUESTION: Pathophyiology
Ans: the science that deals with cellular & organ changes that occur
with disease, and the effects of such changes on the structure and function of
cells, organs, and the body.
QUESTION: smoking
Ans: is responsible for approximately 20% of all deaths in the U.S
QUESTION: Duration of Exposure & Intensity of Exposure
Ans: Adaptation vs. Injury within a cell/tissue is dependent on
QUESTION: Edema
Examarsenal | Jan, 2025/2026 | Latest update
, 2
Ans: causes:
1. increased capillary filtration pressure (water; hydrostatic pressure)
2. decreased capillary oncotic pressure (protein; suspended not dissolved)
3. increased capillary permeability (inflammation, et al.)
QUESTION: When do free radicals form?
Ans: During normal cellular respiration
QUESTION: Electron transfer system of the mitochondria
Ans: There are at least four places where pairs of electrons are naturally
passed between atoms/molecules to facilitate the biochemical processes. What is
the mechanism of movement called?
QUESTION: superoxide radical
Ans: oxygen with extra electrons.
A type of reactive oxygen species
QUESTION: reactive oxygen species
Examarsenal | Jan, 2025/2026 | Latest update
, 3
Ans: superoxide radical, hydrogen peroxide, and reactive hydroxyl molecules
QUESTION: enzymes
Ans: facilitate the pairing-up of free radicals within the body/cell and
transferring electrons
QUESTION: Iron
Ans: radicalized H2O2 can also spontaneously react with __________ to form
radicalized iron
QUESTION: 3 problems with free radicals
Ans: 1) Free radicals can bump into proteins in cells & organelle membranes, or
into DNA itself, and break the bonds between atoms/molecules - thus damaging
and/or inactivating them
2)Oxygen radicals (and others) can be incorporated into other molecules (like
proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids [note: polyunsaturated fatty
acids are the worst-case scenario]) and can disable/inactivate them
3) Oxygen radicals can steal an electron from another atom/molecule to stabilize
themselves, thus setting-up a chain-reaction of
stealing/radicalization/stabilizing.
QUESTION: hypoxemia
Examarsenal | Jan, 2025/2026 | Latest update
, 4
Ans:
QUESTION: hypoxia
Ans:
QUESTION: ischemia
Ans:
QUESTION: foam cells
Ans: associated with a self-perpetuating cylce of chronic (local) inflammation
at the site of macrophage encounter
QUESTION: vitamin C
Ans: the most abundant/active water-soluble scavenger [from citrus, tomatoes,
etc]
QUESTION: vitamin E
Ans: the most active fat-soluble (membrane-dependent) scavenger [from
broccoli, almonds, corn/soybean/sunflower oils, etc]
Examarsenal | Jan, 2025/2026 | Latest update
