NURS 5334 Module 4 Questions With Complete Solutions
What are the mechanisms by which neuropharmacologic agents
act?
Transmitter synthesis is the first step in transmission. What are
the other 4 steps?
True or false. Neuropharmacologic drugs have high selectivity.
True. Neuropharmacologic drugs have high selectivity because
the nervous system uses many different receptor types.
What are 3 functions of the ANS?
1. Regulate the heart
2. regulate the secretory glands (salivary, gastric, sweat, and
bronchial)
3. Regulate the smooth muscles (bronchi, blood vessels,
urogenital system, and GI tract)
What are the regulatory functions of the PNS?
1. Slowing HR
2. Increasing gastric secretions
3. Emptying the bladder
4. Emptying the bowel
5. Focusing the eyes for near vision
6. Constricting the pupils
7. Contracting bronchial smooth muscles
What are the functions of the SNS?
1. Regulation of the CV system
2. Regulation of body temp
3. Implementation of the "fight-or-flight" response
How does the SNS regulate the CV system?
1. Maintaining blood flow to the brain
2. Redistributing blood
3. Compensating for lost blood
,How does the SNS regulate body temp?
1. Regulates blood flow to the skin
2. Promotes secretion of sweat
3. Induces piloerection
What are the effects of the "fight-or-flight" response?
1. Increased HR and BP
2. Shunting of blood away from the skin and viscera
3. Dilation of the bronchi
4. Pupil dilation
5. Mobilization of stored energy
What is the baroreceptor reflex?
-Receptors near heart monitor BP changes and send info to brain
-Brain activates ANS to restore BP to normal
-When BP falls, baroreceptor reflex causes vasoconstriction and
increases cardiac output
-When BP rises, baroreceptor reflex causes vasodilation and
reduces cardiac output
Where is acetylcholine employed?
Most junctions of the PNS
Where is norepinephrine released?
By most postganglionic neurons
Where is epinephrine released?
Adrenal medulla
What are cholinergic receptors mediated by?
Acetylcholine
What are cholinergic receptor subtypes?
Nicotinic and muscarinic
What are the functions of nicotinic receptors?
-Ganglionic transmission at all ganglia of the SNS and PNS
-Promotes release of epi from the adrenal medulla
What are the functions of muscarinic receptors?
,-Increased glandular secretions (pulmonary, gastric, intestinal,
and sweat)
-Contraction of smooth muscles in bronchial and GI tract
-Slowing of HR
-Contraction of sphincter muscles of iris (miosis)
-Contraction of ciliary muscle of the eye (near vision)
-Dilation of blood vessels
-Voiding of urinary bladder
What are adrenergic receptors mediated by?
epi and NE
What are adrenergic receptor subtypes?
-Alpha 1
-Alpha 2
-Beta 1
-Beta 2
-Dopamine
What are the functions of alpha 1 receptors?
-Vasoconstriction
-Ejaculation
-Contraction of bladder neck and prostate
What are the functions of alpha 2 receptors?
-Minimal clinical significance
-Located in presynaptic junction
What are the functions of beta 1 receptors?
Heart:
-Increased HR
-Increased force of contraction
-Increased velocity of conduction in atrioventricular (AV) node
Kidney:
-Renin release
, What are the functions of beta 2 receptors?
-Bronchial dilation
-Relaxation of uterine muscle
-Vasodilation
-Glycogenolysis
What are the functions of dopamine receptors?
Dilation of renal blood vessels
Which receptors are activated by epi?
All alpha and beta; does not activate dopamine receptors
Which receptors are activated by NE?
Alpha 1, alpha 2, beta 1; does not activate beta 2 of dopamine
receptors
Which receptors are activated by dopamine?
Alpha 1, beta 1, and dopamine receptors
What do muscarinic agonists do?
Mimic the effects of Ach at muscarinic receptors
What do muscarininc antagonists do?
Selectively block the effects of Ach (and other muscarinic)
agonists at muscarinic receptors
What are the therapeutic uses of Bethanechol?
-Urinary retention
-Investigational GI uses
What are the actions of Bethanechol on smooth muscles?
-Lungs: constriction of bronchi
-GI: increased tone and motility
-Bladder: contraction of detrusor muscle and relaxation of
trigone and sphincter
What are the actions of Bethanechol on exocrine glands?
-Increased sweating
-Increased salivation
What are the mechanisms by which neuropharmacologic agents
act?
Transmitter synthesis is the first step in transmission. What are
the other 4 steps?
True or false. Neuropharmacologic drugs have high selectivity.
True. Neuropharmacologic drugs have high selectivity because
the nervous system uses many different receptor types.
What are 3 functions of the ANS?
1. Regulate the heart
2. regulate the secretory glands (salivary, gastric, sweat, and
bronchial)
3. Regulate the smooth muscles (bronchi, blood vessels,
urogenital system, and GI tract)
What are the regulatory functions of the PNS?
1. Slowing HR
2. Increasing gastric secretions
3. Emptying the bladder
4. Emptying the bowel
5. Focusing the eyes for near vision
6. Constricting the pupils
7. Contracting bronchial smooth muscles
What are the functions of the SNS?
1. Regulation of the CV system
2. Regulation of body temp
3. Implementation of the "fight-or-flight" response
How does the SNS regulate the CV system?
1. Maintaining blood flow to the brain
2. Redistributing blood
3. Compensating for lost blood
,How does the SNS regulate body temp?
1. Regulates blood flow to the skin
2. Promotes secretion of sweat
3. Induces piloerection
What are the effects of the "fight-or-flight" response?
1. Increased HR and BP
2. Shunting of blood away from the skin and viscera
3. Dilation of the bronchi
4. Pupil dilation
5. Mobilization of stored energy
What is the baroreceptor reflex?
-Receptors near heart monitor BP changes and send info to brain
-Brain activates ANS to restore BP to normal
-When BP falls, baroreceptor reflex causes vasoconstriction and
increases cardiac output
-When BP rises, baroreceptor reflex causes vasodilation and
reduces cardiac output
Where is acetylcholine employed?
Most junctions of the PNS
Where is norepinephrine released?
By most postganglionic neurons
Where is epinephrine released?
Adrenal medulla
What are cholinergic receptors mediated by?
Acetylcholine
What are cholinergic receptor subtypes?
Nicotinic and muscarinic
What are the functions of nicotinic receptors?
-Ganglionic transmission at all ganglia of the SNS and PNS
-Promotes release of epi from the adrenal medulla
What are the functions of muscarinic receptors?
,-Increased glandular secretions (pulmonary, gastric, intestinal,
and sweat)
-Contraction of smooth muscles in bronchial and GI tract
-Slowing of HR
-Contraction of sphincter muscles of iris (miosis)
-Contraction of ciliary muscle of the eye (near vision)
-Dilation of blood vessels
-Voiding of urinary bladder
What are adrenergic receptors mediated by?
epi and NE
What are adrenergic receptor subtypes?
-Alpha 1
-Alpha 2
-Beta 1
-Beta 2
-Dopamine
What are the functions of alpha 1 receptors?
-Vasoconstriction
-Ejaculation
-Contraction of bladder neck and prostate
What are the functions of alpha 2 receptors?
-Minimal clinical significance
-Located in presynaptic junction
What are the functions of beta 1 receptors?
Heart:
-Increased HR
-Increased force of contraction
-Increased velocity of conduction in atrioventricular (AV) node
Kidney:
-Renin release
, What are the functions of beta 2 receptors?
-Bronchial dilation
-Relaxation of uterine muscle
-Vasodilation
-Glycogenolysis
What are the functions of dopamine receptors?
Dilation of renal blood vessels
Which receptors are activated by epi?
All alpha and beta; does not activate dopamine receptors
Which receptors are activated by NE?
Alpha 1, alpha 2, beta 1; does not activate beta 2 of dopamine
receptors
Which receptors are activated by dopamine?
Alpha 1, beta 1, and dopamine receptors
What do muscarinic agonists do?
Mimic the effects of Ach at muscarinic receptors
What do muscarininc antagonists do?
Selectively block the effects of Ach (and other muscarinic)
agonists at muscarinic receptors
What are the therapeutic uses of Bethanechol?
-Urinary retention
-Investigational GI uses
What are the actions of Bethanechol on smooth muscles?
-Lungs: constriction of bronchi
-GI: increased tone and motility
-Bladder: contraction of detrusor muscle and relaxation of
trigone and sphincter
What are the actions of Bethanechol on exocrine glands?
-Increased sweating
-Increased salivation
