7/3/2026 7/3/2026, 4:29:25 PM 7/3/2026, 4:29:22 PM
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UNE CHEM 1011 Lab Final |
Chemistry Laboratory Final
Exam Study Guide &
Practice Questions and
Answers
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7/3/2026, 4:29:17 PM 7/3/2026, 4:29:19 PM 7/3/2026, 4:29:20 PM
,7/3/2026 7/3/2026, 4:29:25 PM 7/3/2026, 4:29:22 PM
solution
consists of a solvent (dissolving medium) and one or more solutes; most of its properites are
dependent on the properties of the solute
Colligative properties
properties of a solution that depend only on the number of particles dissolved in it, not the
properties of the particles themselves. The main ones are boiling point elevation and freezing
point depression.
Boiling point
temeperature where vapor pressure equals atoms on the liquid;
-elevated boiling points are related to: 1) # concentration of solute particles & 2) the nature of
the solvent
**solutions with non-volatile solutes have a decreased vapor pressure which means that an
increased temp is req'd to boil the solution than a pure solvent
how does solute affect freezing point
the presence of the solute interferes with formation of a solid as th eolutions cools; solutins with
non-volatile solutes have a decreased freezing points than pure solvents
hypotonic solution
if a cell is placed in a salt concentration in a solution lower than that of the cell
-->the water will move from the solution into the cell and will expand
hypertonic solution
the cell is placed in a solution of increased salt concentration and the ewater will move from the
inside of the cell to the solution and cell with shrink
osmotic pressure
the pressure that must be applied to stop the movement of solvent through the membrane
chemical kinetics
a study of how quickly chemical reactions occur and the factors that affect this speed
reaction rate
speed of a chemical reaction; a measure of the change in reactant concentrations over time
--> Rate= (concentration of A @t2 - conc of A @t1) / (t2-t1)
7/3/2026, 4:29:17 PM 7/3/2026, 4:29:19 PM 7/3/2026, 4:29:20 PM
,7/3/2026 7/3/2026, 4:29:25 PM 7/3/2026, 4:29:22 PM
differences in reaction rates that are independent vs dependent of concentration of reactant
** if reaction rate is independent of concentration = the amount of reactant consumed and time
is LINEAR
** if the reaction rate is dependent of concentration of reactant, the relationship is curvilinear
rate law equation
rate = k [A]^x [B]^y
** A & B = the concentrations of the reactants
** x & y = the order of the reaction
zero order
rate is independent of the reactnat's concentration and DOES NOT appear in rate law
first order
will have an exponent of one; rate is directly proportional to any reactant (if concentration of
reactant incrases by two (doubles) the rate will ALSO double
second order
appear in rate law as the concentration of the reactant squared; if concentration of reactant is
doubled, the rate will increase by a factor of 4
chemical system
the reactants, products, and energy associated with a chemical reaction
chemical equilibrium
where the rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction; the
concentrations of the reactants and products are CONSTANT
**dynamic equilibrium=ractions are stilll occurring even if reaction appears to have stopped
changed
**chem equilibrium occurs when free energy exist in the LOWEST possible vlaue
equilibrium constant
the ratio of product concentrations to reactant concentrations at equilibrium, with each
concentration raised to a power equal to the number of moles of that substance in the balanced
chemical equation
7/3/2026, 4:29:17 PM 7/3/2026, 4:29:19 PM 7/3/2026, 4:29:20 PM
, 7/3/2026 7/3/2026, 4:29:25 PM 7/3/2026, 4:29:22 PM
What occurs when product concentration is more than reactant concentration?
K will be a large number and this will favor the products (the numerator will be large and the
denominator will be small)
What occurs if the reactant concentration is larger than product concentration
K will be small/less than one; and it will favor the reactants (large denominator and small
numerator)
Le Chatelier's Principle
States that if a stress is applied to a system at equilibrium, the system shifts in the direction that
relieves the stress.
Change that will occur with an increase in reactant concentration or decrease in concentration
of product
shifts to the right (products)
change that will occur if decrease in reactant concentrations or an increase in concentration of
products
shifts left (reactants)
change that occurs with an increase in temperature in an exothermic reaction
shifts left
change that occurs with a decrease in temperature in an exothermic reaction
shifts right
change that occurs in an endothermic reaction with an increase in temp
shifts right
change that occurs in an endothermic reaction with a decrease in temp
shifts left
change that occurs with a decrease in pressure (for gases)
shifts towards sides with more gas molecules
7/3/2026, 4:29:17 PM 7/3/2026, 4:29:19 PM 7/3/2026, 4:29:20 PM
https://www.stuvia.com/user/reeveanthony
https://www.stuvia.com/user/reeveanthonyhttps://www.stuvia.com/user/reeveanthony
UNE CHEM 1011 Lab Final |
Chemistry Laboratory Final
Exam Study Guide &
Practice Questions and
Answers
https://www.stuvia.com/user/reevhttps://www.stuvia.com/user/reeveanthony
eanthonyhttps://www.stuvia.com/user/reeveanthonyhttps://www.stuvia.com/user/reeveanthony
7/3/2026, 4:29:17 PM 7/3/2026, 4:29:19 PM 7/3/2026, 4:29:20 PM
,7/3/2026 7/3/2026, 4:29:25 PM 7/3/2026, 4:29:22 PM
solution
consists of a solvent (dissolving medium) and one or more solutes; most of its properites are
dependent on the properties of the solute
Colligative properties
properties of a solution that depend only on the number of particles dissolved in it, not the
properties of the particles themselves. The main ones are boiling point elevation and freezing
point depression.
Boiling point
temeperature where vapor pressure equals atoms on the liquid;
-elevated boiling points are related to: 1) # concentration of solute particles & 2) the nature of
the solvent
**solutions with non-volatile solutes have a decreased vapor pressure which means that an
increased temp is req'd to boil the solution than a pure solvent
how does solute affect freezing point
the presence of the solute interferes with formation of a solid as th eolutions cools; solutins with
non-volatile solutes have a decreased freezing points than pure solvents
hypotonic solution
if a cell is placed in a salt concentration in a solution lower than that of the cell
-->the water will move from the solution into the cell and will expand
hypertonic solution
the cell is placed in a solution of increased salt concentration and the ewater will move from the
inside of the cell to the solution and cell with shrink
osmotic pressure
the pressure that must be applied to stop the movement of solvent through the membrane
chemical kinetics
a study of how quickly chemical reactions occur and the factors that affect this speed
reaction rate
speed of a chemical reaction; a measure of the change in reactant concentrations over time
--> Rate= (concentration of A @t2 - conc of A @t1) / (t2-t1)
7/3/2026, 4:29:17 PM 7/3/2026, 4:29:19 PM 7/3/2026, 4:29:20 PM
,7/3/2026 7/3/2026, 4:29:25 PM 7/3/2026, 4:29:22 PM
differences in reaction rates that are independent vs dependent of concentration of reactant
** if reaction rate is independent of concentration = the amount of reactant consumed and time
is LINEAR
** if the reaction rate is dependent of concentration of reactant, the relationship is curvilinear
rate law equation
rate = k [A]^x [B]^y
** A & B = the concentrations of the reactants
** x & y = the order of the reaction
zero order
rate is independent of the reactnat's concentration and DOES NOT appear in rate law
first order
will have an exponent of one; rate is directly proportional to any reactant (if concentration of
reactant incrases by two (doubles) the rate will ALSO double
second order
appear in rate law as the concentration of the reactant squared; if concentration of reactant is
doubled, the rate will increase by a factor of 4
chemical system
the reactants, products, and energy associated with a chemical reaction
chemical equilibrium
where the rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction; the
concentrations of the reactants and products are CONSTANT
**dynamic equilibrium=ractions are stilll occurring even if reaction appears to have stopped
changed
**chem equilibrium occurs when free energy exist in the LOWEST possible vlaue
equilibrium constant
the ratio of product concentrations to reactant concentrations at equilibrium, with each
concentration raised to a power equal to the number of moles of that substance in the balanced
chemical equation
7/3/2026, 4:29:17 PM 7/3/2026, 4:29:19 PM 7/3/2026, 4:29:20 PM
, 7/3/2026 7/3/2026, 4:29:25 PM 7/3/2026, 4:29:22 PM
What occurs when product concentration is more than reactant concentration?
K will be a large number and this will favor the products (the numerator will be large and the
denominator will be small)
What occurs if the reactant concentration is larger than product concentration
K will be small/less than one; and it will favor the reactants (large denominator and small
numerator)
Le Chatelier's Principle
States that if a stress is applied to a system at equilibrium, the system shifts in the direction that
relieves the stress.
Change that will occur with an increase in reactant concentration or decrease in concentration
of product
shifts to the right (products)
change that will occur if decrease in reactant concentrations or an increase in concentration of
products
shifts left (reactants)
change that occurs with an increase in temperature in an exothermic reaction
shifts left
change that occurs with a decrease in temperature in an exothermic reaction
shifts right
change that occurs in an endothermic reaction with an increase in temp
shifts right
change that occurs in an endothermic reaction with a decrease in temp
shifts left
change that occurs with a decrease in pressure (for gases)
shifts towards sides with more gas molecules
7/3/2026, 4:29:17 PM 7/3/2026, 4:29:19 PM 7/3/2026, 4:29:20 PM
