Edexcel A Level Social Psychology
10 steps of thematic analysis - ANS - 1. Gather
2. Journal
3. Prepare data
4. Appoint coders
5. Familiarise
6. Ideas
7. Identifying themes
8. Naming themes
9. Reliability/ validity check
10. Report of the results
\2 approaches in thematic analysis - ANS - 1. INDUCTIVE- Researcher would read and re read
data and themes would emerge without imposing ideas or expectations.
2. DEDUCTIVE- Specify themes that they will look for before analysis of data.
\2 types of questions in questionnaires - ANS - Closed ended or open ended
\3 types of interviews - ANS - 1. Structured
2. Semi-structured
3. Unstructured
\Advantages of opportunity sampling - ANS - -More ethical because the researcher can judge if
the participant is likely to be upset by the study
- Researcher has more control over choosing, more quick and efficient
\Advantages of random sampling - ANS - - No bias
- Clear how the sample is chosen, process can be explained
\Advantages of stratified sampling - ANS - - Each group is represented, so conclusions can be
drawn
- Efficient to ensure representation from each group
\Advantages of volunteer sampling - ANS - - More ethical as they chose to take part
- Volunteers are likely to be interested so less likely to give biased information, less likely to
have social desirability or demand characteristic.
\Agency theory application to real life - ANS - - Holocaust, Jews and other minority groups were
slaughtered
- My Lai Massacre, US soldiers obeyed an order to kill women and children in a village
- Abu Ghraib, American soldiers detained Iraqi prisoners
\Agentic state - ANS - - Act as agents for others, usually in authority
- Their own consciences are not in control
- Lose free will to make own decisions
- Can experience moral strain
\Aim of thematic analysis - ANS - To analyse data without losing its meaningfulness, but making
it more manageable by reducing it into patterns, trends and themes.
\Autonomous state - ANS - - Individuals see themselves as having power
- See actions as being voluntary
, - Have free will to make their own decisions
\Bar charts - ANS - Present data from a categorical variable, such as mean, mode and median.
Categorical variable on x-axis and height represents value.
\Compliance - ANS - Going along with what someone says, while not necessarily agreeing with
it, often with peers rather than those in authority
\Conforming - ANS - Doing something against the individual's own inclinations, but not doing
with the intention of matching the behaviour of the majority.
\Cross cultural conclusions in M+R - ANS - Both cultures were similar enough to have similar
levels of obedience
\Describe the effect of authoritarian personality on obedience - ANS - - Milgram found that
caring jobs showed less obedience. Catholics showed more obedience. People in armed forces
showed high obedience (ex-officers showed less obedience than non-officers)
-Milgram and Elm: 'obedient group' and 'defiant group'. Defiants showed more social
responsibility so led to obedience.
- Blass, people high in authoritarian personality were less likely to blame those punishing the
learner
\Describe the effect of culture on obedience - ANS - - Milgram found obedience in American
people, so is not different to Germans
- It could be human nature to obey in certain situations
- M+R used less severe punishment, so results were due to that and not different culture
(Holland)
- Schurz carried out a study in Austria using bursts of ultrasound, got an 80% obedience
- Blass reviewed studies and found an average obedience level. US= 60.94% and other
countries= 65.94%.
\Describe the effect of gender on obedience - ANS - - Milgram's study using female participants
found 65% obedience, but showed more distress
- Kilham and Mann found differences. Obedience was 40% for males and 16% for females
- Blass meta-analysis using 9 studies, no gender differences
- Shanab and Yahya found females were more visibly anxious
\Describe the effect of locus of control on obedience - ANS - - Holland found no link
- Blass found a link between internal locus of control and resistance to obedience
- Schurz found those with internal locus of control felt more responsible for their actions
\Describe the effect of situation on obedience - ANS - - M+R had a control group showing that
giving them the choice affected their obedience
- Milgram's variations, less pressure from authority figure resulted in lower obedience, such as
rundown office block and telephonic instructions
\Directional hypothesis - ANS - States the direction the results will go in (more, less, positive,
fewer)
\Disadvantages of opportunity sampling - ANS - - More chance of bias - choosing people you
know, people of own age, friendly looking people etc.
- Self selected, so would rule out anyone not available or not willing
\Disadvantages of random sampling - ANS - - Difficult to ensure everyone is available
- Some people might not want to take part in the study
10 steps of thematic analysis - ANS - 1. Gather
2. Journal
3. Prepare data
4. Appoint coders
5. Familiarise
6. Ideas
7. Identifying themes
8. Naming themes
9. Reliability/ validity check
10. Report of the results
\2 approaches in thematic analysis - ANS - 1. INDUCTIVE- Researcher would read and re read
data and themes would emerge without imposing ideas or expectations.
2. DEDUCTIVE- Specify themes that they will look for before analysis of data.
\2 types of questions in questionnaires - ANS - Closed ended or open ended
\3 types of interviews - ANS - 1. Structured
2. Semi-structured
3. Unstructured
\Advantages of opportunity sampling - ANS - -More ethical because the researcher can judge if
the participant is likely to be upset by the study
- Researcher has more control over choosing, more quick and efficient
\Advantages of random sampling - ANS - - No bias
- Clear how the sample is chosen, process can be explained
\Advantages of stratified sampling - ANS - - Each group is represented, so conclusions can be
drawn
- Efficient to ensure representation from each group
\Advantages of volunteer sampling - ANS - - More ethical as they chose to take part
- Volunteers are likely to be interested so less likely to give biased information, less likely to
have social desirability or demand characteristic.
\Agency theory application to real life - ANS - - Holocaust, Jews and other minority groups were
slaughtered
- My Lai Massacre, US soldiers obeyed an order to kill women and children in a village
- Abu Ghraib, American soldiers detained Iraqi prisoners
\Agentic state - ANS - - Act as agents for others, usually in authority
- Their own consciences are not in control
- Lose free will to make own decisions
- Can experience moral strain
\Aim of thematic analysis - ANS - To analyse data without losing its meaningfulness, but making
it more manageable by reducing it into patterns, trends and themes.
\Autonomous state - ANS - - Individuals see themselves as having power
- See actions as being voluntary
, - Have free will to make their own decisions
\Bar charts - ANS - Present data from a categorical variable, such as mean, mode and median.
Categorical variable on x-axis and height represents value.
\Compliance - ANS - Going along with what someone says, while not necessarily agreeing with
it, often with peers rather than those in authority
\Conforming - ANS - Doing something against the individual's own inclinations, but not doing
with the intention of matching the behaviour of the majority.
\Cross cultural conclusions in M+R - ANS - Both cultures were similar enough to have similar
levels of obedience
\Describe the effect of authoritarian personality on obedience - ANS - - Milgram found that
caring jobs showed less obedience. Catholics showed more obedience. People in armed forces
showed high obedience (ex-officers showed less obedience than non-officers)
-Milgram and Elm: 'obedient group' and 'defiant group'. Defiants showed more social
responsibility so led to obedience.
- Blass, people high in authoritarian personality were less likely to blame those punishing the
learner
\Describe the effect of culture on obedience - ANS - - Milgram found obedience in American
people, so is not different to Germans
- It could be human nature to obey in certain situations
- M+R used less severe punishment, so results were due to that and not different culture
(Holland)
- Schurz carried out a study in Austria using bursts of ultrasound, got an 80% obedience
- Blass reviewed studies and found an average obedience level. US= 60.94% and other
countries= 65.94%.
\Describe the effect of gender on obedience - ANS - - Milgram's study using female participants
found 65% obedience, but showed more distress
- Kilham and Mann found differences. Obedience was 40% for males and 16% for females
- Blass meta-analysis using 9 studies, no gender differences
- Shanab and Yahya found females were more visibly anxious
\Describe the effect of locus of control on obedience - ANS - - Holland found no link
- Blass found a link between internal locus of control and resistance to obedience
- Schurz found those with internal locus of control felt more responsible for their actions
\Describe the effect of situation on obedience - ANS - - M+R had a control group showing that
giving them the choice affected their obedience
- Milgram's variations, less pressure from authority figure resulted in lower obedience, such as
rundown office block and telephonic instructions
\Directional hypothesis - ANS - States the direction the results will go in (more, less, positive,
fewer)
\Disadvantages of opportunity sampling - ANS - - More chance of bias - choosing people you
know, people of own age, friendly looking people etc.
- Self selected, so would rule out anyone not available or not willing
\Disadvantages of random sampling - ANS - - Difficult to ensure everyone is available
- Some people might not want to take part in the study
