Maryville NURS 611 patho exam 1 QUESTIONS STUDY
GUARANTEE A
Apoptosis - A programmed cell death that is regulated or programmed. Cellular self-destruction for
elimination or unwanted cell populations
Necrosis - Rapid loss of the plasma membrane structure, organelle swelling, mitochondria dysfunction
What is the #1 cause of cellular injury leading to necrosis (especially the kidney and heart) - hypoxia
What is the #1 cause of hypoxia? - ischemia
Main component of a cell - nucleus
What does the nucleus contain? - nucleolus
What is the nucleolus composed of? - RNA, most of cellular DNA, DNA binding proteins, and histones
Why are histone important? - histones bind to DNA and fold it into chromosomes (chromatin) which is
essential for cell division
What are ribosomes? - RNA-protein complexes (nucleoproteins) that are synthesized in the nucleolus
and secreted into the cytoplasm through pores in the nuclear envelope called nuclear pore complexes
(NPCs)
Where can ribosomes be found? - cytoplasm and rough ER
what are ribosomes chief function? - provides sits for cellular protein synthesis
What is the Golgi apparatus (complex)? - a network of flatten, smooth membranes and vesicles
frequently located near the nucleus of the cell
,What does the Golgi apparatus do? - takes proteins from the ER and processes/packages them into small
membrane-bound vesicles called "secretory vesicles, and refines and directs traffic in the cell
What are lysosomes and what do they do? - maintain cellular health by removal of toxic cellular
components, removal of useless organelles, termination of signal transduction, and signals cellular
adaption
How does aging affect lysosomes? - leads to progressive loss of lysosomal efficiency which declines the
regenerative capacity of organs and tissue
What functions do lysosomal components integrate? - nutrient abundance, energy levels, and cell
stressors and will translate them into instructions that regulate cellular metabolism toward either
proliferation or inactivity
What is mitochondria responsible for? - cellular respiration, cellular metabolism , and energy production
What does the inner membrane of mitochondria contain? - enzymes of the respiratory chain and are
essential to the process of oxidative phosphorylation that generates most of the cell's ATP
The mitochondrial matrix contains what kind of pathways (1), involve what two things (2), and
metabolizes what three things (3)? - 1- metabolic
2- urea and heme synthesis
3- carbs, proteins, and lipids
What can accumulate intracellularly caused by stresses form metabolic dearangements? - carbs,
proteins, and lipids
What is physiologic atrophy? - occurs in early development. ex: thymus glad during childhood
What is pathologic atrophy? - occurs as a result of decreases in workload, use, pressure, blood supply,
nutrition, and hormonal stimulation.
, Ex: Shrinking of gonads in an adolescent pt in response to decreased hormonal stimulation. and an pt
immobilized in bed for a prolonged time
what is hypertrophy? - increase in cell size
Example of beneficial physiologic hypertrophy? - hypertrophy of myocardial cells from endurance
training
example of pathologic hypertrophy - cardiomegaly in a hypertensive patient
What is hyperplasia? - increase in the number of cells
example of compensatory hyperplasia? - regeneration of the liver
example of pathological hyperplasia - endometrial tissue
example of hormonal hyperplasia - enlargement of the uterus during pregnancy
What is metaplasia? - replacement of the cells
example of metaplasia - normal columnar ciliated epithelial cells of the bronchial lining being replaced
by squamous cells. can be reversed if irritant stopped
cellular metabolism- what molecule gives us energy? - ATP functions as the energy-transferring molecule
During ischemia, what effect does the loss of ATP have on the cells? - a reduction of ATP levels (ATP
needs oxygen) that causes the Na+/K+ pump and Na+/Ca exchange to fail, leading to intracellular
accumulation of Sodium and calcium and diffusion of K+ out of the cell . Sodium and water can enter cell
freely causing cellular swelling
GUARANTEE A
Apoptosis - A programmed cell death that is regulated or programmed. Cellular self-destruction for
elimination or unwanted cell populations
Necrosis - Rapid loss of the plasma membrane structure, organelle swelling, mitochondria dysfunction
What is the #1 cause of cellular injury leading to necrosis (especially the kidney and heart) - hypoxia
What is the #1 cause of hypoxia? - ischemia
Main component of a cell - nucleus
What does the nucleus contain? - nucleolus
What is the nucleolus composed of? - RNA, most of cellular DNA, DNA binding proteins, and histones
Why are histone important? - histones bind to DNA and fold it into chromosomes (chromatin) which is
essential for cell division
What are ribosomes? - RNA-protein complexes (nucleoproteins) that are synthesized in the nucleolus
and secreted into the cytoplasm through pores in the nuclear envelope called nuclear pore complexes
(NPCs)
Where can ribosomes be found? - cytoplasm and rough ER
what are ribosomes chief function? - provides sits for cellular protein synthesis
What is the Golgi apparatus (complex)? - a network of flatten, smooth membranes and vesicles
frequently located near the nucleus of the cell
,What does the Golgi apparatus do? - takes proteins from the ER and processes/packages them into small
membrane-bound vesicles called "secretory vesicles, and refines and directs traffic in the cell
What are lysosomes and what do they do? - maintain cellular health by removal of toxic cellular
components, removal of useless organelles, termination of signal transduction, and signals cellular
adaption
How does aging affect lysosomes? - leads to progressive loss of lysosomal efficiency which declines the
regenerative capacity of organs and tissue
What functions do lysosomal components integrate? - nutrient abundance, energy levels, and cell
stressors and will translate them into instructions that regulate cellular metabolism toward either
proliferation or inactivity
What is mitochondria responsible for? - cellular respiration, cellular metabolism , and energy production
What does the inner membrane of mitochondria contain? - enzymes of the respiratory chain and are
essential to the process of oxidative phosphorylation that generates most of the cell's ATP
The mitochondrial matrix contains what kind of pathways (1), involve what two things (2), and
metabolizes what three things (3)? - 1- metabolic
2- urea and heme synthesis
3- carbs, proteins, and lipids
What can accumulate intracellularly caused by stresses form metabolic dearangements? - carbs,
proteins, and lipids
What is physiologic atrophy? - occurs in early development. ex: thymus glad during childhood
What is pathologic atrophy? - occurs as a result of decreases in workload, use, pressure, blood supply,
nutrition, and hormonal stimulation.
, Ex: Shrinking of gonads in an adolescent pt in response to decreased hormonal stimulation. and an pt
immobilized in bed for a prolonged time
what is hypertrophy? - increase in cell size
Example of beneficial physiologic hypertrophy? - hypertrophy of myocardial cells from endurance
training
example of pathologic hypertrophy - cardiomegaly in a hypertensive patient
What is hyperplasia? - increase in the number of cells
example of compensatory hyperplasia? - regeneration of the liver
example of pathological hyperplasia - endometrial tissue
example of hormonal hyperplasia - enlargement of the uterus during pregnancy
What is metaplasia? - replacement of the cells
example of metaplasia - normal columnar ciliated epithelial cells of the bronchial lining being replaced
by squamous cells. can be reversed if irritant stopped
cellular metabolism- what molecule gives us energy? - ATP functions as the energy-transferring molecule
During ischemia, what effect does the loss of ATP have on the cells? - a reduction of ATP levels (ATP
needs oxygen) that causes the Na+/K+ pump and Na+/Ca exchange to fail, leading to intracellular
accumulation of Sodium and calcium and diffusion of K+ out of the cell . Sodium and water can enter cell
freely causing cellular swelling
