Psychopathology Exam 1 Actual Questions And Answers Guaranteed Pass| Graded A+.

The field devoted to the scientific study of abnormal behavior to describe, predict, explain, and change abnormal patterns of functioning. Workers in the field may be: Clinical scientists or Clinical practitioners - correct answer What is abnormal psychology? -Many definitions have been proposed, yet none is universally accepted. -Most definitions, however, share some common features: "The Four Ds" -Deviance- Different, extreme, unusual, perhaps even bizarre -Distress- Unpleasant and upsetting to the person -Dysfunction- Interfering with the person's ability to conduct daily activities in a constructive way -Danger- Posing risk of harm - correct answer What is Psychological Abnormality? -From what? *From behaviors, thoughts, and emotions that differ markedly from a society's ideas about proper functioning -From social norms *Stated and unstated rules for proper conduct -Judgements of abnormality also depend on specific circumstances (i.e., social context) - correct answer Deviance According to many clinical theorists, behavior, ideas, or emotions usually have to cause distress before they can be labeled abnormal -Not always the case - correct answer Distress -Abnormal behavior tends to be dysfunctional - it interferes with daily functioning -Culture plays a role in the definition of abnormality as well -Dysfunction alone does not necessarily indicate psychological abnormality - correct answer Dysfunction -Abnormal behavior may become dangerous to oneself or others *Behavior maybe consistently careless, hostile, or confused -Although cited as a feature of abnormal psychological functioning, research suggests that being dangerous is the exception rather than the rule - correct answer Danger -Ultimately, each society selects general criteria for defining abnormality and then uses those criteria to judge particular cases *Szasz argues that, because of the influence of culture, the whole concept of mental illness is invalid, a myth of sorts **Deviations called "abnormal" are simply "problems of living". **Societies invent the concept of mental illness to better control or change the people who threaten social order. - correct answer The Elusive Nature of Abnormality Example: -Diagnosis of alcohol problems in colleges -Issue of abnormality versus eccentricity - correct answer Even if we assume that psychological abnormality is a valid concept, we may be unable to apply our definition consistently In short, although abnormality generally is defined as behavior that is deviant, distressful, dysfunctional, and dangerous, these criteria often are vague. - correct answer Few categories of abnormality are as clear-cut as they seem; most continue to be debated by clinicians -Once clinicians decide that a person is suffering from abnormality, they seek to treat it *Treatment, or therapy, is a procedure designed to change abnormal behavior into more normal behavior **It, too, requires careful definition - correct answer What is treatment? -A sufferer who seeks relief from the healer -A trained, socially accepted healer, whose expertise is accepted by the sufferer and his/her social group -A series of contacts between the healer and the sufferer, through which the healer, often with the aid of a group, tries to produce certain changes in the sufferer's emotional state, attitudes, and behavior - correct answer According to Jerome Frank, all forms of therapy have three essential features: -Lack of agreement about goals or aims -Lack of agreement about successful outcome -Lack of agreement about failure -Are clinicians seeking to cure? To teach? -Are sufferers patients (ill) or clients (having difficulty)? - correct answer Despite the straightforward definition, clinical treatment is surrounded by conflict and confusion: Despite their differences, most clinicians agree that large numbers of people need therapy of one kind or another - correct answer Evidence also indicates that therapy is indeed often helpful -In any given year as many as 30% of adults and 19% of children in the U.S. display serious psychological disturbances and are in need of clinical treatment *Furthermore, most people have difficulty coping at various times -Is this the fault of modern society? *Although modern pressures may contribute, they are hardly the primary cause; every society, past and present, has witnessed psychological abnormality - correct answer How was Abnormality viewed and treated in the past? -Historians have concluded that ancient societies probably regarded abnormal behavior as a victory by evil spirits -The cure for abnormality was to force the demons from the body through trephination and exorcism -This view may have begun as far back as the Stone Age - correct answer Ancient Views and Treatments -500 B.C. to 500 A.D. -Philosophers and physicians offered different explanations and treatments for abnormal behaviors -Hippocrates taught that illnesses had natural causes ◦He looked to an unbalance of the four humors ◦His suggested treatment attempted to "rebalance" - correct answer Greek and Roman Views and Treatments -Greeks: Hippocrates (460-377 B.C.). Father of modern medicine. Abnormal behavior a disease caused by internal physical problems. Humors: Imbalanced of fluids (yellow bile, black bile) - correct answer Abnormal Psychology: History -Plato (427-347 B.C.) abnormal behaviors caused by a "natural madness, usually caused by a disease". -Unfortunately his words had no affect on the common people of his age. -Aristotle (384-322 B.C.) internal causes Medical treatment (bleeding, music, massage, exercise, restraining) - correct answer What Plato and Aristotle thought -500 - 1350 A.D. -The church rejected scientific forms of investigation, and it controlled all education ◦Religious beliefs came to dominate all aspects of life ◦Once again, abnormality was seen as a conflict between good and evil ◦Abnormal behavior apparently increased greatly during this period ◦Some of the earlier demonological treatments re-emerged -At the close of the Middle Ages, demonology and its methods began to lose favor again - correct answer Europe in the Middle Ages: Demonology Returns -Renaissance (): demonological views of abnormality decline. -Johann Weyer (mental illness physician) the mind was susceptible to sickness. -Improvement in mental care foster homes. -Development of asylums (institutions to which mentally ill people could be sent). -The asylums became prisons. - correct answer More History on Abnormal Psychology -Philippe Pinel () father of modern psychiatry. Reformed asylums (le Bicêtre & la Salpetrière) -William Tuke () philanthropist in England -Benjamin Rush () father o fAmerican Psychiatry -Dorothea Dix - correct answer More People that contributed to abnormal psych -By the end of the nineteenth century, several factors led to a reversal of the moral treatment movement: ◦Money and staff shortages ◦Declining recovery rates ◦Lack of more effective treatment for severely mentally ill ◦Emergence of prejudice -By the early years of the twentieth century, the moral treatment movement had ground to a halt; long-term hospitalization became the rule once again - correct answer The Nineteenth Century: Reform and Moral Treatment -As the moral movement was declining in the late 1800s, two opposing perspectives emerged: ◦The Somatogenic Perspective *Abnormal functioning has physical causes ◦The Psychogenic Perspective *Abnormal functioning has psychological causes - correct answer The Early Twentieth Century: Dual Perspectives -Somatogenic Approach: physical causes. Emil Kraepelin physical factors such as fatigue are responsible for mental disease. Biological discoveries: syphilis produced general paresis -Treatment: hydrotherapy, insulin coma shock (convulsion by blood sugar with insulin), lobotomy. - correct answer The 19th and early 20th Centuries -Psychogenic Perspective: psychological causes -Hypnotism (a procedure that places people in a trancelike state) use to treat hysteria, psychoanalysis & psychotherapy. -Friedrich Anton Mesmer () -Josef Breuer () -Sigmund Freud () - correct answer Abnormal Psych History continued -The rise in popularity of this perspective was based on work with hypnotism: ◦Friedrich Mesmer and hysterical disorders ◦Sigmund Freud' s theory of psychoanalysis -By the early twentieth century, psychoanalytic theory and treatment were widely accepted throughout the Western world - correct answer The Early Twentieth Century: The Psychogenic Perspective -Outpatients treatments: medic