PORTAGE LEARNING BIOD 151 MODULE 1 – 7
EXAMS A&P 1 / PORTAGE LEARNING BIOD 151
MODULE LATEST 2025-2026 UPDATE
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS|ACE THE TEST
What is the difference between anatomy and physiology? - Answer-1.
Anatomy focuses on the structure of the body.
Physiology looks at how the body parts function together. The
physiology of the body depends on the anatomy of the body.
The function of the nervous system is to integrate and control the other
body systems. Explain how the nervous system does this. - Answer-The
nervous system receives and processes information and sends out signals
to the muscles and glands to obtain an appropriate response
List the 2 parts of the nervous system. - Answer-CNS and PNS (central
nervous system and peripheral nervous
system)
How are the parts of the central nervous system protected? - Answer-
The skull protects the brain and the vertebrae protect the spinal cord.
Collections of cell bodies inside the central nervous system are
called__________ - Answer-nuclei
,the collection of nerve axons in the central nervous system are called -
Answer-tracts.
What is included in the peripheral nervous system? - Answer-The PNS
includes the cranial nerves and the spinal nerves.
Collections of cell bodies inside the peripheral nervous system are
called - Answer-ganglia
the collection of nerve axons in the peripheral
nervous system are called - Answer-nerves.
What are the 2 divisions of the peripheral nervous system? - Answer-
Afferent, efferent( sensory - afferent and motor - efferent )
Describe the movement of nerve impulses in the peripheral nervous
system. - Answer-The peripheral nervous system receives impulses from
the sensory organs via the afferent division and then relays signals or
impulses from the central nervous system to muscles and glands via the
motor or efferent division.
What are the 2 divisions of the efferent division of the peripheral
nervous system? - Answer-Somatic system and the autonomic system.
,What is controlled by the somatic and autonomic nervous systems? -
Answer-The somatic system controls the movements of skeletal
muscles, skin, and joints.
The autonomic system nerves control the glands and smooth muscles of
the internal organs.
What are the 2 divisions of the autonomic nervous system? - Answer-
sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
What is the function of the sympathetic nervous system? - Answer-The
sympathetic nervous system activates and prepares the body for vigorous
muscular activity, stress, and emergencies.
What is the function of the parasympathetic nervous system? - Answer-
The parasympathetic nervous system generally operates during normal
situations, permits digestion, and conserves energy.
What is meant by neuron signals being electrochemical in nature? -
Answer-The signal moves from electrical (through the neuron) to
chemical (in the synapse) to electrical again once the signal reaches the
next neuron.
What is the chemical portion of neuron signal transmission? - Answer-
Neurotransmitters.
, How is an impulse passed from one nerve cell to another? - Answer-
There is a minute fluid-filled space, called a synapse, between
the axon terminal of the sending neuron and the dendrite of the receiving
neuron. When a nerve impulse reaches the end of an axon,
neurotransmitters are released into the synapse. These bind with a
receptor on the next neuron, opening Na+ gates in the receiving dendrite
which causes depolarization and the impulse is carried.
What prevents continuous stimulation of a nerve synapse and how is
this accomplished? - Answer-The short existence of neurotransmitters in
the synapse prevents continuous stimulation. Some synapses contain
enzymes that rapidly inactivate neurotransmitters and other synapses
rapidly absorb the neurotransmitter.
What neurotransmitter helps regulate emotional responses and muscle
tone? - Answer-Dopamine
What neurotransmitter is found at the neuromuscular junctions? -
Answer-Acetylcholine
Once ACh is released in the NMJ, what happens to cause muscle
contraction to occur? - Answer-Acetylcholine binds to receptors on the
muscle fiber that cause sodium channels to open. Sodium rushes into the
muscle cell, triggering an action potential which reaches the
sarcoplasmic reticulum. Calcium ions are released from the sarcoplasmic
reticulum of the muscle cell causing the muscle to contract.
EXAMS A&P 1 / PORTAGE LEARNING BIOD 151
MODULE LATEST 2025-2026 UPDATE
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS|ACE THE TEST
What is the difference between anatomy and physiology? - Answer-1.
Anatomy focuses on the structure of the body.
Physiology looks at how the body parts function together. The
physiology of the body depends on the anatomy of the body.
The function of the nervous system is to integrate and control the other
body systems. Explain how the nervous system does this. - Answer-The
nervous system receives and processes information and sends out signals
to the muscles and glands to obtain an appropriate response
List the 2 parts of the nervous system. - Answer-CNS and PNS (central
nervous system and peripheral nervous
system)
How are the parts of the central nervous system protected? - Answer-
The skull protects the brain and the vertebrae protect the spinal cord.
Collections of cell bodies inside the central nervous system are
called__________ - Answer-nuclei
,the collection of nerve axons in the central nervous system are called -
Answer-tracts.
What is included in the peripheral nervous system? - Answer-The PNS
includes the cranial nerves and the spinal nerves.
Collections of cell bodies inside the peripheral nervous system are
called - Answer-ganglia
the collection of nerve axons in the peripheral
nervous system are called - Answer-nerves.
What are the 2 divisions of the peripheral nervous system? - Answer-
Afferent, efferent( sensory - afferent and motor - efferent )
Describe the movement of nerve impulses in the peripheral nervous
system. - Answer-The peripheral nervous system receives impulses from
the sensory organs via the afferent division and then relays signals or
impulses from the central nervous system to muscles and glands via the
motor or efferent division.
What are the 2 divisions of the efferent division of the peripheral
nervous system? - Answer-Somatic system and the autonomic system.
,What is controlled by the somatic and autonomic nervous systems? -
Answer-The somatic system controls the movements of skeletal
muscles, skin, and joints.
The autonomic system nerves control the glands and smooth muscles of
the internal organs.
What are the 2 divisions of the autonomic nervous system? - Answer-
sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
What is the function of the sympathetic nervous system? - Answer-The
sympathetic nervous system activates and prepares the body for vigorous
muscular activity, stress, and emergencies.
What is the function of the parasympathetic nervous system? - Answer-
The parasympathetic nervous system generally operates during normal
situations, permits digestion, and conserves energy.
What is meant by neuron signals being electrochemical in nature? -
Answer-The signal moves from electrical (through the neuron) to
chemical (in the synapse) to electrical again once the signal reaches the
next neuron.
What is the chemical portion of neuron signal transmission? - Answer-
Neurotransmitters.
, How is an impulse passed from one nerve cell to another? - Answer-
There is a minute fluid-filled space, called a synapse, between
the axon terminal of the sending neuron and the dendrite of the receiving
neuron. When a nerve impulse reaches the end of an axon,
neurotransmitters are released into the synapse. These bind with a
receptor on the next neuron, opening Na+ gates in the receiving dendrite
which causes depolarization and the impulse is carried.
What prevents continuous stimulation of a nerve synapse and how is
this accomplished? - Answer-The short existence of neurotransmitters in
the synapse prevents continuous stimulation. Some synapses contain
enzymes that rapidly inactivate neurotransmitters and other synapses
rapidly absorb the neurotransmitter.
What neurotransmitter helps regulate emotional responses and muscle
tone? - Answer-Dopamine
What neurotransmitter is found at the neuromuscular junctions? -
Answer-Acetylcholine
Once ACh is released in the NMJ, what happens to cause muscle
contraction to occur? - Answer-Acetylcholine binds to receptors on the
muscle fiber that cause sodium channels to open. Sodium rushes into the
muscle cell, triggering an action potential which reaches the
sarcoplasmic reticulum. Calcium ions are released from the sarcoplasmic
reticulum of the muscle cell causing the muscle to contract.
