SOCI 180 Midterm Study Guide: Core Concepts
What are the 3 demographic processes? - correct answer ✔✔FMM (fertility, mortality, and migration)
What three things does FMM affect in a population to change it? - correct answer ✔✔size, distribution,
and composition (SDC)
What is health according to WHO? What is wrong with this statement, and what adjustments would be
needed to fix it? - correct answer ✔✔WHO definition: not the absence of sickness/disease but a state of
mental, physical, and social well-being
error: too unrealistic b/c people naturally age and with that comes with a higher risk to certain
conditions or diseases
adjustment: health is a DYNAMIC state of well-being that is characterized by the individual's social,
mental, and physical potential to meet the demands of life unique to the individual's age and culture
What is unique about Uganda's age population changing over time? - correct answer ✔✔had a mainly
younger population but then older population grew over time with middle portion of pyramid expanding
due to improvements in healthcare and increased life expectancy
1950s: The population pyramid is a traditional pyramid shape with a very broad base, indicative of high
birth rates and high child mortality, as well as a short life expectancy.
2000s: The base remains broad, but improvements in healthcare and lowering mortality rates begin to
show, with more population surviving into middle age.
2050 (Projected): The base of the pyramid narrows, showing reduced birth rates, while the middle and
top widen significantly, indicating a much higher life expectancy and a growing proportion of older
adults.
Trend: Uganda's demographic shift from a young to an increasingly aging population suggests improved
healthcare and a gradual decline in birth rates, transitioning from a developing to a more developed
demographic profile.
,What is unique about China's age population changing over time? - correct answer ✔✔1950s: The
pyramid shows a broad base and a sharp taper towards the top, typical of high fertility and mortality
rates.
2000s: The pyramid starts to even out, reflecting the impact of the One-Child Policy—reduced fertility
rates and a growing aging population due to improved life expectancy.
2050 (Projected): The pyramid becomes top-heavy with a very narrow base, illustrating an aging
population with very low birth rates and high life expectancy.
Trend: China's demographic evolution highlights the dramatic effects of stringent family planning
coupled with socioeconomic advances that lead to increased life expectancy, resulting in a significantly
older population structure.
What is the difference between the medical vs. public health/social outlook: - correct answer
✔✔doctors: think about certain diseases, more individualistic
public health/social: thinks about groups of people and how health varies across and within the groups
What are population indicators of health? - correct answer ✔✔Life expectancy, Infant mortality rate,
Child mortality rate, Maternal mortality rate, Preventable deaths, Premature deaths, "Deaths of despair",
education, income and wealth
What is the general trend of life expectancy increasing globally over time? - correct answer ✔✔life
expectancy has been increasing due to improved healthcare and countries developing
What is the relationship between life expectancy and healthy life expectancy (HALE)? - correct answer
✔✔life expectancy has been increasing more than HALE so time in poor health has gone up
What are the two components of the Life Course Framework? - correct answer ✔✔Intrinsic capacity
(sum of mental + physical capacities that are biologically determined) + functional ability (sum of intrinsic
capacity + environmental attributes that help them function effectively)
Give an example of the impact the pandemic had on the functional ability of children - correct answer
✔✔kids who are behind on their education, don't know how to interact/play with other kids, are
depressed/anxious
, What are the most common causes of death globally? - correct answer ✔✔70%+ from
noncommunicable diseases (ex; heart disease and cancer)
Why was there a spike in the number of deaths in 2021? - correct answer ✔✔increase in communicable
diseases (Covid-19)
What framework will our class use to organize all of this? Health varies across so many factors and
change over time (individual characteristics and context matter) - correct answer ✔✔
Who are the global actors that monitor and try to improve population health? - correct answer
✔✔International: WHO, UN, World Bank
Bilateral Aid Agencies: United States Agency for International Development
Global foundations: Bill Gates Foundation
What are the goals that these global actors have? - correct answer ✔✔People-focused goals: end
poverty, world hunger, equality, education, peace, renewable energy
What are the biggest countries in terms of size? - correct answer ✔✔India, China, Indonesia, Pakistan,
Bangladesh, Japan, etc.
What are the smallest countries in terms of size? - correct answer ✔✔Vatican City, Tuvalu, Nauru, Palau
What is the least dense country? - correct answer ✔✔Greenland
What is the most dense country? - correct answer ✔✔Monaco
What does population growth come from? - correct answer ✔✔births, deaths, in-migrations, out-
migrations
What are the 3 demographic processes? - correct answer ✔✔FMM (fertility, mortality, and migration)
What three things does FMM affect in a population to change it? - correct answer ✔✔size, distribution,
and composition (SDC)
What is health according to WHO? What is wrong with this statement, and what adjustments would be
needed to fix it? - correct answer ✔✔WHO definition: not the absence of sickness/disease but a state of
mental, physical, and social well-being
error: too unrealistic b/c people naturally age and with that comes with a higher risk to certain
conditions or diseases
adjustment: health is a DYNAMIC state of well-being that is characterized by the individual's social,
mental, and physical potential to meet the demands of life unique to the individual's age and culture
What is unique about Uganda's age population changing over time? - correct answer ✔✔had a mainly
younger population but then older population grew over time with middle portion of pyramid expanding
due to improvements in healthcare and increased life expectancy
1950s: The population pyramid is a traditional pyramid shape with a very broad base, indicative of high
birth rates and high child mortality, as well as a short life expectancy.
2000s: The base remains broad, but improvements in healthcare and lowering mortality rates begin to
show, with more population surviving into middle age.
2050 (Projected): The base of the pyramid narrows, showing reduced birth rates, while the middle and
top widen significantly, indicating a much higher life expectancy and a growing proportion of older
adults.
Trend: Uganda's demographic shift from a young to an increasingly aging population suggests improved
healthcare and a gradual decline in birth rates, transitioning from a developing to a more developed
demographic profile.
,What is unique about China's age population changing over time? - correct answer ✔✔1950s: The
pyramid shows a broad base and a sharp taper towards the top, typical of high fertility and mortality
rates.
2000s: The pyramid starts to even out, reflecting the impact of the One-Child Policy—reduced fertility
rates and a growing aging population due to improved life expectancy.
2050 (Projected): The pyramid becomes top-heavy with a very narrow base, illustrating an aging
population with very low birth rates and high life expectancy.
Trend: China's demographic evolution highlights the dramatic effects of stringent family planning
coupled with socioeconomic advances that lead to increased life expectancy, resulting in a significantly
older population structure.
What is the difference between the medical vs. public health/social outlook: - correct answer
✔✔doctors: think about certain diseases, more individualistic
public health/social: thinks about groups of people and how health varies across and within the groups
What are population indicators of health? - correct answer ✔✔Life expectancy, Infant mortality rate,
Child mortality rate, Maternal mortality rate, Preventable deaths, Premature deaths, "Deaths of despair",
education, income and wealth
What is the general trend of life expectancy increasing globally over time? - correct answer ✔✔life
expectancy has been increasing due to improved healthcare and countries developing
What is the relationship between life expectancy and healthy life expectancy (HALE)? - correct answer
✔✔life expectancy has been increasing more than HALE so time in poor health has gone up
What are the two components of the Life Course Framework? - correct answer ✔✔Intrinsic capacity
(sum of mental + physical capacities that are biologically determined) + functional ability (sum of intrinsic
capacity + environmental attributes that help them function effectively)
Give an example of the impact the pandemic had on the functional ability of children - correct answer
✔✔kids who are behind on their education, don't know how to interact/play with other kids, are
depressed/anxious
, What are the most common causes of death globally? - correct answer ✔✔70%+ from
noncommunicable diseases (ex; heart disease and cancer)
Why was there a spike in the number of deaths in 2021? - correct answer ✔✔increase in communicable
diseases (Covid-19)
What framework will our class use to organize all of this? Health varies across so many factors and
change over time (individual characteristics and context matter) - correct answer ✔✔
Who are the global actors that monitor and try to improve population health? - correct answer
✔✔International: WHO, UN, World Bank
Bilateral Aid Agencies: United States Agency for International Development
Global foundations: Bill Gates Foundation
What are the goals that these global actors have? - correct answer ✔✔People-focused goals: end
poverty, world hunger, equality, education, peace, renewable energy
What are the biggest countries in terms of size? - correct answer ✔✔India, China, Indonesia, Pakistan,
Bangladesh, Japan, etc.
What are the smallest countries in terms of size? - correct answer ✔✔Vatican City, Tuvalu, Nauru, Palau
What is the least dense country? - correct answer ✔✔Greenland
What is the most dense country? - correct answer ✔✔Monaco
What does population growth come from? - correct answer ✔✔births, deaths, in-migrations, out-
migrations
