NURS 424 Exam 3 with verified solutions
1. What is acute respiratory failure (ARF)?: Acute respiratory failure (ARF) occurs
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when the pulmonary system is unable to adequately exchange oxygen and remove
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| carbon dioxide |
2. What are the causes of acute respiratory failure (ARF)?: Acute respiratory
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| failure (ARF) has many causes, but the most severe respiratory disorders are:
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- Acute lung injury (ALI)
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- Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
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3. How is the lower airways protected?: - Mucociliary escalator:
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*A complex system of cilia that continuously propel respiratory secretions into the uppe
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| airways for expulsion | |
- Cough reflex: |
*Triggered by the presence of foreign substances in the airways
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*Touching the carina is one method for stimulating this reflex
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4. What are the 2 functions of the respiratory system?: - Ventilation:
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*The mechanical act of moving air in and out of the respiratory tree and involves the
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| musculoskeletal and nervous systems | | |
- Respiration:
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,*The transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the alveoli and the pulmonary
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| capillaries
Disruption of either of these processes results in respiratory failure
| | | | | | | | |
5. What is ventilation?: The mechanical act of moving air in and out of the respi-
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| ratory tree and involves the musculoskeletal and nervous systems
| | | | | | | |
6. What is respiration?: The transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the
| | | | | | | | | | |
| alveoli and the pulmonary capillaries
| | | |
7. What is compliance?: Compliance refers to the ability of the lungs and thorax to
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| stretch and expand given a change in pressure
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8. What conditions have decreased compliance?: Pulmonary fibrosis
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9. What conditions have increased compliance?: - Emphysema
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- COPD
10. What is total lung capacity (TLC)?: The maximum volume the lungs can hold
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11. What is tidal volume (VT)?: The volume of one inhalation/exhalation cycle
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12. What is functional residual capacity (FRC)?: The volume remaining in the
| | | | | | | | | |
| lungs after a normal exhalation
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13. What is the inspiratory capacity?: Tidal volume (VT) + Inspiratory reserve
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| volume (IRV) |
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|138
,14. What is the inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)?: The volume of air one is able to
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| inhale in addition to the tidal volume (VT)
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15. What is the residual volume (RV): The volume of air that remains in the lungs
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| following forced expiration beyond normal expiration
| | | | |
Also referred to as the expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
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16. What is the vital capacity (VC)?: ERV + VT + IRV
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17. What is an alveolar dead space unit?: An alveolar dead space unit occurs
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| when an alveolus is not perfused - due to no gas exchange occurring
| | | | | | | | | | | |
18. What are examples of conditions that result in dead space units?: - Pul-
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| monary embolus |
- Pulmonary infarct |
Ventilation > Perfusion | |
19. What is a shunt unit?: An alveolus is inadequately ventilated in the presence of
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| perfusion
The retention of CO2 results in vasoconstriction, resulting in blood/oxygen not travelin
| | | | | | | | | | |
| to the constricted vessel
| | |
Perfusion > Ventilation | |
3 |/
|138
, 20. What are examples of conditions that result in shunt units?: - Pneumonia
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- Atelectasis
21. What is a silent unit?: An alveolus is inadequately ventilated and perfused
| | | | | | | | | | |
<Ventilation
<Perfusion
22. What are examples of conditions that result in silent units?: - Severe ARDS
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- Pneumothorax
23. PaO2:: Arterial partial pressure of oxygen
| | | | |
Normal range: 80-100 mmHg
| | |
24. PaCO2:
- Normal Range: 35-45
| |
25. HCO3:
- Normal Range: 22-26
| |
26. 2,3 Diphosphoglycerate (2,3 DPG):
| | |
- Increased
- Decreased: Increased: |
4 |/
|138
1. What is acute respiratory failure (ARF)?: Acute respiratory failure (ARF) occurs
| | | | | | | | | |
when the pulmonary system is unable to adequately exchange oxygen and remove
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| carbon dioxide |
2. What are the causes of acute respiratory failure (ARF)?: Acute respiratory
| | | | | | | | | |
| failure (ARF) has many causes, but the most severe respiratory disorders are:
| | | | | | | | | | |
- Acute lung injury (ALI)
| | |
- Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
| | | |
3. How is the lower airways protected?: - Mucociliary escalator:
| | | | | | | |
*A complex system of cilia that continuously propel respiratory secretions into the uppe
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| airways for expulsion | |
- Cough reflex: |
*Triggered by the presence of foreign substances in the airways
| | | | | | | | |
*Touching the carina is one method for stimulating this reflex
| | | | | | | | |
4. What are the 2 functions of the respiratory system?: - Ventilation:
| | | | | | | | | |
*The mechanical act of moving air in and out of the respiratory tree and involves the
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| musculoskeletal and nervous systems | | |
- Respiration:
1 |/
|138
,*The transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the alveoli and the pulmonary
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| capillaries
Disruption of either of these processes results in respiratory failure
| | | | | | | | |
5. What is ventilation?: The mechanical act of moving air in and out of the respi-
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| ratory tree and involves the musculoskeletal and nervous systems
| | | | | | | |
6. What is respiration?: The transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the
| | | | | | | | | | |
| alveoli and the pulmonary capillaries
| | | |
7. What is compliance?: Compliance refers to the ability of the lungs and thorax to
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| stretch and expand given a change in pressure
| | | | | | |
8. What conditions have decreased compliance?: Pulmonary fibrosis
| | | | | |
9. What conditions have increased compliance?: - Emphysema
| | | | | |
- COPD
10. What is total lung capacity (TLC)?: The maximum volume the lungs can hold
| | | | | | | | | | | |
11. What is tidal volume (VT)?: The volume of one inhalation/exhalation cycle
| | | | | | | | | |
12. What is functional residual capacity (FRC)?: The volume remaining in the
| | | | | | | | | |
| lungs after a normal exhalation
| | | |
13. What is the inspiratory capacity?: Tidal volume (VT) + Inspiratory reserve
| | | | | | | | | |
| volume (IRV) |
2 |/
|138
,14. What is the inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)?: The volume of air one is able to
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| inhale in addition to the tidal volume (VT)
| | | | | | |
15. What is the residual volume (RV): The volume of air that remains in the lungs
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| following forced expiration beyond normal expiration
| | | | |
Also referred to as the expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
| | | | | | | |
16. What is the vital capacity (VC)?: ERV + VT + IRV
| | | | | | | | | |
17. What is an alveolar dead space unit?: An alveolar dead space unit occurs
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| when an alveolus is not perfused - due to no gas exchange occurring
| | | | | | | | | | | |
18. What are examples of conditions that result in dead space units?: - Pul-
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| monary embolus |
- Pulmonary infarct |
Ventilation > Perfusion | |
19. What is a shunt unit?: An alveolus is inadequately ventilated in the presence of
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| perfusion
The retention of CO2 results in vasoconstriction, resulting in blood/oxygen not travelin
| | | | | | | | | | |
| to the constricted vessel
| | |
Perfusion > Ventilation | |
3 |/
|138
, 20. What are examples of conditions that result in shunt units?: - Pneumonia
| | | | | | | | | | |
- Atelectasis
21. What is a silent unit?: An alveolus is inadequately ventilated and perfused
| | | | | | | | | | |
<Ventilation
<Perfusion
22. What are examples of conditions that result in silent units?: - Severe ARDS
| | | | | | | | | | | |
- Pneumothorax
23. PaO2:: Arterial partial pressure of oxygen
| | | | |
Normal range: 80-100 mmHg
| | |
24. PaCO2:
- Normal Range: 35-45
| |
25. HCO3:
- Normal Range: 22-26
| |
26. 2,3 Diphosphoglycerate (2,3 DPG):
| | |
- Increased
- Decreased: Increased: |
4 |/
|138
