©Jason MacConnell 2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
PAT401 Week 8 Exam Questions With
Correct Answers A+
Normal creatinine levels - Answer✔0.6-1.2 mg/dL
Normal BUN levels - Answer✔10-20 mg/dL
Nephrolithiasis: Risk Factors* - Answer✔Age → 50 y/o and older
Sex → Male
Race →
Geographic location
Seasonal factors → Dry climates
Fluid intake → dehydration
Diet
Occupation → Nurses
Genetic predisposition
Nephrolithiasis definition - Answer✔kidney stones - Crystals, protein, or mineral salts form in
urinary tract and may cause obstruction
concepts within stone formation* - Answer✔- Supersaturation + precipitation
- Crystallization
- Stone inhibitors
- Urine pH
- Retention of crystals (ex: BPH → urinary stasis)
Supersaturation - Answer✔Higher concentration of a salt than volume available to dissolve
1
, ©Jason MacConnell 2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Precipitation of salts from ___ to ___ state - Answer✔liquid to solid (crytals) - d/t temprature
and pH
stone inhibitors - Answer✔Hypercalciuria, hyperoxaluria, hyperuricosuria, hypocitraturia, crystal
growth inhibitor deficiencies
urine pH - Answer✔alkaline or acidic urine pH
Alkaline urine pH - Answer✔Increases the risk of calcium phosphate stone formation
Acidic urine pH - Answer✔Increases the risk of a uric acid stone
Retention of crystals - Answer✔BPH, Hyperparathyroidism, bone demineralization = associated
with prolonged immobilization = urinary stasis = stones
Substances capable of inhibiting stone formation*** - Answer✔Potassium citrate, Tamm-
Horsfall protein, pyrophosphate, magnesium (reduces risk of calcium phosphate/oxalate
precipitation)
which is the most common composition of kidney stones? - Answer✔calcium (calcium oxalate
and calcium phosphate)
how are kidney stones classified? - Answer✔classified by location and size
manifestations of kidney stones* - Answer✔- Renal colic
- Flank pain
- Hematuria
- N/V
- UTI-like symptoms (frequency, incontinence)
How would one describe renal colic? Where is the pain?** - Answer✔- EXCRUTIATING
- intermittent pain (comes and goes)
- Starts from FLANK and radiates to GROIN
if pain radiates to GROIN, means - Answer✔indicates obstruction of renal pelvis or proximal
ureter
if pain radiates to lateral flank or lower abdo, means - Answer✔obstruction in mid ureter
What health teaching would you provide to your client about how to prevent recurrent kidney
stones?** - Answer✔- increase fluid intake to generate 2.5L of urine/day
- Avoid intake of colas and other soft drinks that contain phosphoric acid (coke)
- Avoid dietary oxalate (chocolate, beets, nuts, rhubarb, spinach, strawberries, tea, wheat bran)
2
PAT401 Week 8 Exam Questions With
Correct Answers A+
Normal creatinine levels - Answer✔0.6-1.2 mg/dL
Normal BUN levels - Answer✔10-20 mg/dL
Nephrolithiasis: Risk Factors* - Answer✔Age → 50 y/o and older
Sex → Male
Race →
Geographic location
Seasonal factors → Dry climates
Fluid intake → dehydration
Diet
Occupation → Nurses
Genetic predisposition
Nephrolithiasis definition - Answer✔kidney stones - Crystals, protein, or mineral salts form in
urinary tract and may cause obstruction
concepts within stone formation* - Answer✔- Supersaturation + precipitation
- Crystallization
- Stone inhibitors
- Urine pH
- Retention of crystals (ex: BPH → urinary stasis)
Supersaturation - Answer✔Higher concentration of a salt than volume available to dissolve
1
, ©Jason MacConnell 2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Precipitation of salts from ___ to ___ state - Answer✔liquid to solid (crytals) - d/t temprature
and pH
stone inhibitors - Answer✔Hypercalciuria, hyperoxaluria, hyperuricosuria, hypocitraturia, crystal
growth inhibitor deficiencies
urine pH - Answer✔alkaline or acidic urine pH
Alkaline urine pH - Answer✔Increases the risk of calcium phosphate stone formation
Acidic urine pH - Answer✔Increases the risk of a uric acid stone
Retention of crystals - Answer✔BPH, Hyperparathyroidism, bone demineralization = associated
with prolonged immobilization = urinary stasis = stones
Substances capable of inhibiting stone formation*** - Answer✔Potassium citrate, Tamm-
Horsfall protein, pyrophosphate, magnesium (reduces risk of calcium phosphate/oxalate
precipitation)
which is the most common composition of kidney stones? - Answer✔calcium (calcium oxalate
and calcium phosphate)
how are kidney stones classified? - Answer✔classified by location and size
manifestations of kidney stones* - Answer✔- Renal colic
- Flank pain
- Hematuria
- N/V
- UTI-like symptoms (frequency, incontinence)
How would one describe renal colic? Where is the pain?** - Answer✔- EXCRUTIATING
- intermittent pain (comes and goes)
- Starts from FLANK and radiates to GROIN
if pain radiates to GROIN, means - Answer✔indicates obstruction of renal pelvis or proximal
ureter
if pain radiates to lateral flank or lower abdo, means - Answer✔obstruction in mid ureter
What health teaching would you provide to your client about how to prevent recurrent kidney
stones?** - Answer✔- increase fluid intake to generate 2.5L of urine/day
- Avoid intake of colas and other soft drinks that contain phosphoric acid (coke)
- Avoid dietary oxalate (chocolate, beets, nuts, rhubarb, spinach, strawberries, tea, wheat bran)
2
