NR 565 - ADVANCED PHARMACOLOGY
MIDTERM – CHAMBERLAIN |244
QUESTIONS WITH DETAILED VERIFIED ANSWERS
(100% CORRECT ANSWERS)
During what trimester is a pregnant woman most at risk for adverse drug reactions with
potential long term consequences? - CORRECT ANSWER - 1st trimester (fetus most at
risk d/t rapid growth)
What is BEERS criteria? - CORRECT ANSWER - Recommendations of medications
inappropriate for elderly (65 and older), prescriber ultimately decides
What is the CYP450 (cytochrome P450) - CORRECT ANSWER - liver enzyme system
where medications are metabolized, can either be inducers or inhibitors and create
drug-drug interactions
CYP450 inducers - CORRECT ANSWER - Speed up metabolism of drugs (drug is
cleared faster), drug has lesser effect (decrease blood levels of drug), elevate CYP450
enzymes
CYP450 inducers pneumonic - CORRECT ANSWER - "Bullshit Crap GPS INDUCES
rage"
CYP450 inducer drug names - CORRECT ANSWER - Barbituates, St John wort,
Carbamazepine, rifampin, alcohol, phenytoin, griseofulvin, phenobarbital, sulfonylureas
CYP450 inhibitors - CORRECT ANSWER - inhibit metabolism, increase blood levels of
medications
CYP450 pneumonic - CORRECT ANSWER - "VISA credit card debt INHIBITS spending
on designers like CK to look GQ"
CYP450 inhibitors drug names - CORRECT ANSWER - Valproate, isoniazid,
sulfonamides, amiodarone, chloramphenicol, ketoconazole, grapefruit juice, quinidine
Physiological changes during pregnancy that impact pharmacodynamics and
pharmacokinetic properties of drugs? - CORRECT ANSWER - increase glomerular
filtration rate leads to increase durg excretion
increase hepatic metabolism
decrease tone and motility of bowel
increase drug absorption
,Examples of medications that can be teratogenic - CORRECT ANSWER - Antiepileptic
drugs, antimicrobials such as tetracyclines and fluoroquinolones, vitamin A in large
doses, some anticoagulants, and hormonal medications such as diethylstilbestrol
(DES).
How is absorption of intramuscular medications different in neonates? - CORRECT
ANSWER - slow and erratic due to low blood flow in muscles first few days of life
Why is absorption of medication in the stomach increased in infancy? - CORRECT
ANSWER - delayed gastric emptying
Some medications that should be avoided in the pediatric patient? - CORRECT
ANSWER - glucocorticoids, discoloration of developing teeth with tetracyclines, and
kernicterus with sulfonamides, levofloxacin (antibiotics)
aspirin (Severe intoxication from acute overdose)
what should be included in medication administration patient education? - CORRECT
ANSWER - dosage size and timing
route and technique of administration
duration of treatment
drug storage
nature and time course of desired responses
nature and time course of adverse responses
finish taking antibiotic
What are some things that put the elderly patient at higher risk for adverse drug
reactions? - CORRECT ANSWER - reduced renal function
polypharmacy (the use of five or more medications daily)
greater severity of illness
presence of comorbidities
use of drugs that have a low therapeutic index (e.g., digoxin)
increased individual variation secondary to altered pharmacokinetics
inadequate supervision of long-term therapy
poor patient adherence
How can healthcare providers decrease likelihood of an elderly patient experiencing an
adverse drug reaction? - CORRECT ANSWER - obtaining a thorough drug history that
includes over-the-counter medications
considering pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics changes due to age
monitoring the patient's clinical response and plasma drug levels
using the simplest regimen possible
monitoring for drug-drug interactions and iatrogenic illness
periodically reviewing the need for continued drug therapy
encouraging the patient to dispose of old medications
taking steps to promote adherence and to avoid drugs on the Beers list
, How can we promote medication adherence with elderly patients? - CORRECT
ANSWER - simplifying drug regimens
providing clear and concise verbal and written instructions
using an appropriate dosage form
clearly labeling and dispensing easy-to-open containers
developing daily reminders
monitoring frequently
affordability of drugs
support systems
Why do nitrates need to be taken no later than 4 PM? - CORRECT ANSWER - Need
nitrate free interval so tolerance doesn't develop
Nine factors that impact outcome of medication? - CORRECT ANSWER - Gender and
race
Genetics and pharmacogenomics
Variability in absorption
placebo effect
Tolerance
patho
age
bodyweight
Do you need informed consent for genetic testing? - CORRECT ANSWER - yes
What is the purpose of the Genetic Information Non-Discriminatory Act? - CORRECT
ANSWER - Protects patients from discrimination by employers and insurance providers
based on genetic information
Difference between practice authority and prescriptive authority? - CORRECT
ANSWER - Practice authority refers to the nurse practitioner's ability to practice without
physician oversight, whereas prescriptive authority refers to the nurse practitioner's
authority to prescribe medications independently and without limitations.
Who regulates prescriptive authority? - CORRECT ANSWER - the jurisdiction of a
health professional board. This may be the State Board of Nursing, the State Board of
Medicine, or the State Board of Pharmacy, as determined by each state.
What is scope of practice determined by? - CORRECT ANSWER - is determined by
state practice and licensure laws.
What is full practice authority? - CORRECT ANSWER - Nurse practitioners have the
autonomy to evaluate patients, diagnose, order and interpret tests, initiate and manage
treatments and prescribe medications, including controlled substances without
physician oversight.
MIDTERM – CHAMBERLAIN |244
QUESTIONS WITH DETAILED VERIFIED ANSWERS
(100% CORRECT ANSWERS)
During what trimester is a pregnant woman most at risk for adverse drug reactions with
potential long term consequences? - CORRECT ANSWER - 1st trimester (fetus most at
risk d/t rapid growth)
What is BEERS criteria? - CORRECT ANSWER - Recommendations of medications
inappropriate for elderly (65 and older), prescriber ultimately decides
What is the CYP450 (cytochrome P450) - CORRECT ANSWER - liver enzyme system
where medications are metabolized, can either be inducers or inhibitors and create
drug-drug interactions
CYP450 inducers - CORRECT ANSWER - Speed up metabolism of drugs (drug is
cleared faster), drug has lesser effect (decrease blood levels of drug), elevate CYP450
enzymes
CYP450 inducers pneumonic - CORRECT ANSWER - "Bullshit Crap GPS INDUCES
rage"
CYP450 inducer drug names - CORRECT ANSWER - Barbituates, St John wort,
Carbamazepine, rifampin, alcohol, phenytoin, griseofulvin, phenobarbital, sulfonylureas
CYP450 inhibitors - CORRECT ANSWER - inhibit metabolism, increase blood levels of
medications
CYP450 pneumonic - CORRECT ANSWER - "VISA credit card debt INHIBITS spending
on designers like CK to look GQ"
CYP450 inhibitors drug names - CORRECT ANSWER - Valproate, isoniazid,
sulfonamides, amiodarone, chloramphenicol, ketoconazole, grapefruit juice, quinidine
Physiological changes during pregnancy that impact pharmacodynamics and
pharmacokinetic properties of drugs? - CORRECT ANSWER - increase glomerular
filtration rate leads to increase durg excretion
increase hepatic metabolism
decrease tone and motility of bowel
increase drug absorption
,Examples of medications that can be teratogenic - CORRECT ANSWER - Antiepileptic
drugs, antimicrobials such as tetracyclines and fluoroquinolones, vitamin A in large
doses, some anticoagulants, and hormonal medications such as diethylstilbestrol
(DES).
How is absorption of intramuscular medications different in neonates? - CORRECT
ANSWER - slow and erratic due to low blood flow in muscles first few days of life
Why is absorption of medication in the stomach increased in infancy? - CORRECT
ANSWER - delayed gastric emptying
Some medications that should be avoided in the pediatric patient? - CORRECT
ANSWER - glucocorticoids, discoloration of developing teeth with tetracyclines, and
kernicterus with sulfonamides, levofloxacin (antibiotics)
aspirin (Severe intoxication from acute overdose)
what should be included in medication administration patient education? - CORRECT
ANSWER - dosage size and timing
route and technique of administration
duration of treatment
drug storage
nature and time course of desired responses
nature and time course of adverse responses
finish taking antibiotic
What are some things that put the elderly patient at higher risk for adverse drug
reactions? - CORRECT ANSWER - reduced renal function
polypharmacy (the use of five or more medications daily)
greater severity of illness
presence of comorbidities
use of drugs that have a low therapeutic index (e.g., digoxin)
increased individual variation secondary to altered pharmacokinetics
inadequate supervision of long-term therapy
poor patient adherence
How can healthcare providers decrease likelihood of an elderly patient experiencing an
adverse drug reaction? - CORRECT ANSWER - obtaining a thorough drug history that
includes over-the-counter medications
considering pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics changes due to age
monitoring the patient's clinical response and plasma drug levels
using the simplest regimen possible
monitoring for drug-drug interactions and iatrogenic illness
periodically reviewing the need for continued drug therapy
encouraging the patient to dispose of old medications
taking steps to promote adherence and to avoid drugs on the Beers list
, How can we promote medication adherence with elderly patients? - CORRECT
ANSWER - simplifying drug regimens
providing clear and concise verbal and written instructions
using an appropriate dosage form
clearly labeling and dispensing easy-to-open containers
developing daily reminders
monitoring frequently
affordability of drugs
support systems
Why do nitrates need to be taken no later than 4 PM? - CORRECT ANSWER - Need
nitrate free interval so tolerance doesn't develop
Nine factors that impact outcome of medication? - CORRECT ANSWER - Gender and
race
Genetics and pharmacogenomics
Variability in absorption
placebo effect
Tolerance
patho
age
bodyweight
Do you need informed consent for genetic testing? - CORRECT ANSWER - yes
What is the purpose of the Genetic Information Non-Discriminatory Act? - CORRECT
ANSWER - Protects patients from discrimination by employers and insurance providers
based on genetic information
Difference between practice authority and prescriptive authority? - CORRECT
ANSWER - Practice authority refers to the nurse practitioner's ability to practice without
physician oversight, whereas prescriptive authority refers to the nurse practitioner's
authority to prescribe medications independently and without limitations.
Who regulates prescriptive authority? - CORRECT ANSWER - the jurisdiction of a
health professional board. This may be the State Board of Nursing, the State Board of
Medicine, or the State Board of Pharmacy, as determined by each state.
What is scope of practice determined by? - CORRECT ANSWER - is determined by
state practice and licensure laws.
What is full practice authority? - CORRECT ANSWER - Nurse practitioners have the
autonomy to evaluate patients, diagnose, order and interpret tests, initiate and manage
treatments and prescribe medications, including controlled substances without
physician oversight.
