1060 pharmacology fundamentals
drug -
Any chemical that can affect living processes 30
pharmacology -
-Study of drugs and their interactions with living systems
Clinical Pharmacology -
study of drugs in humans
therapeutics -
The use of drugs to diagnose, prevent, or treat disease or to prevent pregnancy
what are the 3 most important characteristics of any drug -
effectiveness, safety, and selectivity
Effectiveness -
•The most important property a drug can have
•Drug elicits the response for which it is given
Selectivity -
•Drug elicits only the response for which it is given
•No side effects
•All medications cause side or adverse effects
safety -
•A drug that cannot produce harmful effects
•No such thing as a safe drug
•All drugs can produce adverse effects
Drugs are poisons - pharmakon
therapeutic objective of drug therapy -
to provide maximum benefit with minimum harm
Controlled Substances Act -
The federal law giving authority to the Drug Enforcement Administration to regulate
the sale and use of drugs. I: highest abused potential V: lowest abused potential
Stages of New Drug Development -
Preclinical testing:
Clinical testing
Phase I
Phase II and III
Phase IV: postmarketing surveillance
1|Page
,Preclinical testing -
is carried out on a potential new medicine in a laboratory using cells, tissues, and live
animals
clinical testing phase 1 -
-conducted in healthy volunteers
-three goals: evaluating drug metabolism, pharmokinetics, and biologic effects
clinical testing phase II and III -
Patients with the condition the drug claims to be effective to treat
clinical testing phase IV -
After the drug is available for all patient: Post marketing surveillance
generic name -
•Name of drug is assigned by the United States Adopted Names Council
•Aka nonproprietary
•Final syllable can help to indicate a drugs pharmacologic class
•Generic names are preferable to trade names because there is only one generic name =
Increased Safety
•NCLEX-RN licensure exam only uses generic drug names
trade name -
•Drug name that is marketed
•Aka proprietary or brand names
•Each manufacturer can provide a trade name
Generic vs. Brand Name -
generic products and brand-name products are therapeutically equivalent.
The same active ingredients are used.
Bioavailability can fluctuate between generic and brand name although more equalized now
through regulations.
must have an 80-125% peak serum concentration and plasma concentration.
OTC drugs -
Medications that are legally available without a prescription
Pharmacokinetics -
The process by which drugs are absorbed, distributed within the body, metabolized,
and excreted.
Absorption -
movement of a drug from the site of administration into the blood
sources of drug information -
People. Clinicians and pharmacists. Poison control centers. Pharmaceutical sales
representatives. Text or Electronic Books. •Program Required Pharmacology Textbook.
Program Required Drug Handbook. •Clinical Facilities EHR. EHR have direct links from the
patient's Medication Administration Record (MAR) to
2|Page
, drug information. Web Sites. National Institute of Health (NIH). Federal Drug
Administration (FDA)
mechanism of passage across membranes -
•Passive Diffusion
•Drug concentration moves from area of higher drug concentration to area of lower drug
concentration
•Method used by most drugs
lifelong learning -
•A pharmacist DISPENSES medication
•A nurse ADMINISTERS medication TO A PATIENT
•NURSE IS THE PATIENT'S LAST HOPE FOR DO NO HARM. •There is much more to
know about pharmacology than anyone person can retain.
•You must be committed to continuous learning related to medications.
•Always be knowledgeable about a medication before you administer them to a patient.
ionization -
Acid giving up a proton or base accepting a proton causes the acid or base to become
a charged particle or ION
factors that affect absorption -
•IV in vein IM in muscle Oral is GI
•FASTEST MEDIUM SLOWER. •Based on individual drug (ACID OR BASE)
•Is it rapid or slow rate of dissolution
•Intestine has more surface area due to villi and larger area than stomach
•Most rapidly absorbed drugs are placed in the body at high blood flow areas
enteral -
oral, sublingual, buccal, rectal
Parenteral -
IV, IM, Sub q
Orally administered drugs -
•Absorption depends on:
•Disintegration - Tablet begins to break apart
•Dissolution - Powder mixes with stomach fluid into a solution or liquid
P-glycoprotein -
a transporter protein that moves drugs out of cells and into the gut, urine, or bile
acid ion -
proton donor - tends to ionize in basic (alkaline) media
Blood Brain Barrier (BBB) -
•Tight junctions between the cells that compose the walls of most capillaries in the
CNS
•Drugs must be able to pass through cells of the capillary wall.
3|Page
drug -
Any chemical that can affect living processes 30
pharmacology -
-Study of drugs and their interactions with living systems
Clinical Pharmacology -
study of drugs in humans
therapeutics -
The use of drugs to diagnose, prevent, or treat disease or to prevent pregnancy
what are the 3 most important characteristics of any drug -
effectiveness, safety, and selectivity
Effectiveness -
•The most important property a drug can have
•Drug elicits the response for which it is given
Selectivity -
•Drug elicits only the response for which it is given
•No side effects
•All medications cause side or adverse effects
safety -
•A drug that cannot produce harmful effects
•No such thing as a safe drug
•All drugs can produce adverse effects
Drugs are poisons - pharmakon
therapeutic objective of drug therapy -
to provide maximum benefit with minimum harm
Controlled Substances Act -
The federal law giving authority to the Drug Enforcement Administration to regulate
the sale and use of drugs. I: highest abused potential V: lowest abused potential
Stages of New Drug Development -
Preclinical testing:
Clinical testing
Phase I
Phase II and III
Phase IV: postmarketing surveillance
1|Page
,Preclinical testing -
is carried out on a potential new medicine in a laboratory using cells, tissues, and live
animals
clinical testing phase 1 -
-conducted in healthy volunteers
-three goals: evaluating drug metabolism, pharmokinetics, and biologic effects
clinical testing phase II and III -
Patients with the condition the drug claims to be effective to treat
clinical testing phase IV -
After the drug is available for all patient: Post marketing surveillance
generic name -
•Name of drug is assigned by the United States Adopted Names Council
•Aka nonproprietary
•Final syllable can help to indicate a drugs pharmacologic class
•Generic names are preferable to trade names because there is only one generic name =
Increased Safety
•NCLEX-RN licensure exam only uses generic drug names
trade name -
•Drug name that is marketed
•Aka proprietary or brand names
•Each manufacturer can provide a trade name
Generic vs. Brand Name -
generic products and brand-name products are therapeutically equivalent.
The same active ingredients are used.
Bioavailability can fluctuate between generic and brand name although more equalized now
through regulations.
must have an 80-125% peak serum concentration and plasma concentration.
OTC drugs -
Medications that are legally available without a prescription
Pharmacokinetics -
The process by which drugs are absorbed, distributed within the body, metabolized,
and excreted.
Absorption -
movement of a drug from the site of administration into the blood
sources of drug information -
People. Clinicians and pharmacists. Poison control centers. Pharmaceutical sales
representatives. Text or Electronic Books. •Program Required Pharmacology Textbook.
Program Required Drug Handbook. •Clinical Facilities EHR. EHR have direct links from the
patient's Medication Administration Record (MAR) to
2|Page
, drug information. Web Sites. National Institute of Health (NIH). Federal Drug
Administration (FDA)
mechanism of passage across membranes -
•Passive Diffusion
•Drug concentration moves from area of higher drug concentration to area of lower drug
concentration
•Method used by most drugs
lifelong learning -
•A pharmacist DISPENSES medication
•A nurse ADMINISTERS medication TO A PATIENT
•NURSE IS THE PATIENT'S LAST HOPE FOR DO NO HARM. •There is much more to
know about pharmacology than anyone person can retain.
•You must be committed to continuous learning related to medications.
•Always be knowledgeable about a medication before you administer them to a patient.
ionization -
Acid giving up a proton or base accepting a proton causes the acid or base to become
a charged particle or ION
factors that affect absorption -
•IV in vein IM in muscle Oral is GI
•FASTEST MEDIUM SLOWER. •Based on individual drug (ACID OR BASE)
•Is it rapid or slow rate of dissolution
•Intestine has more surface area due to villi and larger area than stomach
•Most rapidly absorbed drugs are placed in the body at high blood flow areas
enteral -
oral, sublingual, buccal, rectal
Parenteral -
IV, IM, Sub q
Orally administered drugs -
•Absorption depends on:
•Disintegration - Tablet begins to break apart
•Dissolution - Powder mixes with stomach fluid into a solution or liquid
P-glycoprotein -
a transporter protein that moves drugs out of cells and into the gut, urine, or bile
acid ion -
proton donor - tends to ionize in basic (alkaline) media
Blood Brain Barrier (BBB) -
•Tight junctions between the cells that compose the walls of most capillaries in the
CNS
•Drugs must be able to pass through cells of the capillary wall.
3|Page
