NUR 318 Pathophysiology Exam 1 UAB
questions with complete solutions
Cell injury - CORRECT ANSWER-✔✔✅The point at which cells can no longer achieve reversible changes
varies according to the type of cell
occurs when cells are exposed to a severe stress that no longer allows them to maintain homeostasis,
which results in structural and functional changes.
Etiology - CORRECT ANSWER-✔✔✅original cause of a cellular alteration or disease
Histology - CORRECT ANSWER-✔✔✅microscopic study of tissues and cells
Biopsy - CORRECT ANSWER-✔✔✅cell sample from an organ or mass of tissue to allow for histological
examination
pathognomic changes - CORRECT ANSWER-✔✔✅unique histological findings that represent distinct
disease processes
Homeostasis - CORRECT ANSWER-✔✔✅This is a dynamic steady state at which the body maintains
itself at a relatively constant composition.
A well-functioning cell can maintain homeostasis.
atrophy - CORRECT ANSWER-✔✔✅Decreased cell size
Example: large muscle ----> disuse ----> smaller muscle
Causes of cellular atropohy - CORRECT ANSWER-✔✔✅Disuse or diminished workload
Lack of nerve stimulation (paralysis)
Loss of hormonal stimulation
Inadequate nutrition
,Decreased blood flow (ischemia)
Aging
Hypertrophy - CORRECT ANSWER-✔✔✅increase in cell size
Example: The heart hypertrophies in response to hypertension (greater workload because of greater
peripheral resistance).
Example: Weight lifters develop hypertrophied muscles because of increased workload and use.
Hyperplasia - CORRECT ANSWER-✔✔✅increase in number of cells (increases tissue mass)
Example: Pregnancy increases demand of milk production (lactation), which causes hyperplasia of breast
milk glands and tissue mass.
Metaplasia - CORRECT ANSWER-✔✔✅When One Type of Cell Is Replaced by Another Type of Cell
Example: In esophagitis, the cells of the lower esophagus change to be able to cope with the stomach
acid that constantly irritates the cells; this leads to a disease called "GERD."
Esophagus cells, which are flat epithelial cells, change to become more like columnar stomach cells.
Dysplasia - CORRECT ANSWER-✔✔✅disordered cells, cells that have lost normal architectural
arrangement; a PRECANCEROUS condition
A chronic stressor in the cell environment --------> can cause _____________
Must be watched carefully because very often will develop into NEOPLASIA
Neoplasia - CORRECT ANSWER-✔✔✅"New growth"
cancer cells
Lack normal cell function; they do not work
Keep dividing uncontrollably; grow and grow
Lack adhesiveness to other cells (malignant cancer cells break away and travel)
Invasive and destructive to surrounding cells
Abnormal structure and architecture
Secrete inappropriate enzymes, hormones, clotting substances, tumor angiogenesis factor
, Benign Cancer - CORRECT ANSWER-✔✔✅Cells resemble normal cells and do not spread; tissue is well-
delineated and easily removed.
Well-differentiated; remain localized, cohesive, and well-demarcated from surrounding tissue. Benign
tumors are not invasive, do not destroy surrounding tissue, and do not break away or travel from the
tumor cell mass.
Malignant Cancer - CORRECT ANSWER-✔✔✅Cells are bizarre-looking and spread to other sites, highly
invasive into tissue, and not well-delineated.
Range from well-differentiated to poorly differentiated, but they are invasive and destructive to
surrounding tissue. They also lack adhesion to the tumor mass and easily break free to travel to distant
sites in a process called metastasis. Malignant cells travel via the lymphatic system or bloodstream.
Changes that occur in cell injury - CORRECT ANSWER-✔✔✅Dysfunction of Na+/K+ pump
Loss of plasma membrane integrity
Defects in protein synthesis ability
Intracellular accumulations
Genetic damage
Intracellular Accumulations - CORRECT ANSWER-✔✔✅Accumulation of calcium in breast tissue
indicates cancer.
Causes of Cell Injury - CORRECT ANSWER-✔✔✅Hypoxic cell injury
Free radical injury (oxidative stress)
Physical agents of injury
Chemical injury
Infectious agent injury
Injurious immunological reactions
Genetic defects
Nutritional imbalances
questions with complete solutions
Cell injury - CORRECT ANSWER-✔✔✅The point at which cells can no longer achieve reversible changes
varies according to the type of cell
occurs when cells are exposed to a severe stress that no longer allows them to maintain homeostasis,
which results in structural and functional changes.
Etiology - CORRECT ANSWER-✔✔✅original cause of a cellular alteration or disease
Histology - CORRECT ANSWER-✔✔✅microscopic study of tissues and cells
Biopsy - CORRECT ANSWER-✔✔✅cell sample from an organ or mass of tissue to allow for histological
examination
pathognomic changes - CORRECT ANSWER-✔✔✅unique histological findings that represent distinct
disease processes
Homeostasis - CORRECT ANSWER-✔✔✅This is a dynamic steady state at which the body maintains
itself at a relatively constant composition.
A well-functioning cell can maintain homeostasis.
atrophy - CORRECT ANSWER-✔✔✅Decreased cell size
Example: large muscle ----> disuse ----> smaller muscle
Causes of cellular atropohy - CORRECT ANSWER-✔✔✅Disuse or diminished workload
Lack of nerve stimulation (paralysis)
Loss of hormonal stimulation
Inadequate nutrition
,Decreased blood flow (ischemia)
Aging
Hypertrophy - CORRECT ANSWER-✔✔✅increase in cell size
Example: The heart hypertrophies in response to hypertension (greater workload because of greater
peripheral resistance).
Example: Weight lifters develop hypertrophied muscles because of increased workload and use.
Hyperplasia - CORRECT ANSWER-✔✔✅increase in number of cells (increases tissue mass)
Example: Pregnancy increases demand of milk production (lactation), which causes hyperplasia of breast
milk glands and tissue mass.
Metaplasia - CORRECT ANSWER-✔✔✅When One Type of Cell Is Replaced by Another Type of Cell
Example: In esophagitis, the cells of the lower esophagus change to be able to cope with the stomach
acid that constantly irritates the cells; this leads to a disease called "GERD."
Esophagus cells, which are flat epithelial cells, change to become more like columnar stomach cells.
Dysplasia - CORRECT ANSWER-✔✔✅disordered cells, cells that have lost normal architectural
arrangement; a PRECANCEROUS condition
A chronic stressor in the cell environment --------> can cause _____________
Must be watched carefully because very often will develop into NEOPLASIA
Neoplasia - CORRECT ANSWER-✔✔✅"New growth"
cancer cells
Lack normal cell function; they do not work
Keep dividing uncontrollably; grow and grow
Lack adhesiveness to other cells (malignant cancer cells break away and travel)
Invasive and destructive to surrounding cells
Abnormal structure and architecture
Secrete inappropriate enzymes, hormones, clotting substances, tumor angiogenesis factor
, Benign Cancer - CORRECT ANSWER-✔✔✅Cells resemble normal cells and do not spread; tissue is well-
delineated and easily removed.
Well-differentiated; remain localized, cohesive, and well-demarcated from surrounding tissue. Benign
tumors are not invasive, do not destroy surrounding tissue, and do not break away or travel from the
tumor cell mass.
Malignant Cancer - CORRECT ANSWER-✔✔✅Cells are bizarre-looking and spread to other sites, highly
invasive into tissue, and not well-delineated.
Range from well-differentiated to poorly differentiated, but they are invasive and destructive to
surrounding tissue. They also lack adhesion to the tumor mass and easily break free to travel to distant
sites in a process called metastasis. Malignant cells travel via the lymphatic system or bloodstream.
Changes that occur in cell injury - CORRECT ANSWER-✔✔✅Dysfunction of Na+/K+ pump
Loss of plasma membrane integrity
Defects in protein synthesis ability
Intracellular accumulations
Genetic damage
Intracellular Accumulations - CORRECT ANSWER-✔✔✅Accumulation of calcium in breast tissue
indicates cancer.
Causes of Cell Injury - CORRECT ANSWER-✔✔✅Hypoxic cell injury
Free radical injury (oxidative stress)
Physical agents of injury
Chemical injury
Infectious agent injury
Injurious immunological reactions
Genetic defects
Nutritional imbalances
