OCCTH 585 MIDTERM|| 222 QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS 100% CORRECT
What does pain indicate? - ANSWER-Tissue damage, and it is a protective mechanism
What are the three types of pain? - ANSWER-acute, chronic, persistent
What is acute pain? - ANSWER-- sharp and immediate
- at the onset of tissue damage
What is persistent pain? - ANSWER-- *sore achy pain*
- telling us we still have tissue damage and that we are still trying to repair and protect
the tissue
What is chronic pain? - ANSWER-- Continued expression of pain in the absence of
damaged tissue
- creates dysfunction and disability
- maladaptive (serves no purpose)
What is a nocioceptor? - ANSWER-Pain Receptor / Pain Sensor`
What are the types of nocioceptors? - ANSWER-- A delta
- C-fibre
What is an A-delta fiber? - ANSWER-- Myelinated
- Conducts at a fast rate
- detects acute onset of tissue
What type of pain does an A-delta fibre detect? - ANSWER-ACUTE
- *"A"* Delta for *A*cute
What is a c-fibre? - ANSWER-- unmyelinated
- conducts at a slower rate
- detects more persistent pain
What type of pain does a c-fibre predict? - ANSWER-Persistent pain
What type of fibre predicts the sore achy pain? - ANSWER-C-Fibre
What type of fibre predicts the pain at the onset of tissue damage? - ANSWER-A-delta
What is the type of tactile nocioceptor? - ANSWER-A-beta fibre
,What is an a-beta fibre? - ANSWER-- localizes the tissue damage and maps where the
painful stimuli is coming from
In the absence of what fibre are we now not able to localize the area of an injury? -
ANSWER-- The absence of an a-beta fibre
What do a-beta fibres contribute to? - ANSWER--hyperalgesia
-allodynia
What type of neurotransmitter does the a-beta fibre release? - ANSWER-Glutamate
A-delta fibres and C-fibres work together to produce what? - ANSWER-First and second
pain
What is first and second pain? - ANSWER-- First pain occurs at the time of an injury
(ex: you stub your toe against a table and scream in pain)
- Second pain occurs for the rest of the day (ex: sore achy pain that reminds you that
you stubbed your toe)
What conducts at a faster rate? A-delta fibres or C-fibres? - ANSWER-A-delta because
they are myelinated
What is hyperalgesia? - ANSWER-- increased sensitivity to painful stimuli
is netrin a growth inhibitor or growth promoter? - ANSWER-Growth promoter
Is slit a growth inhibitor or growth promoter? - ANSWER-growth inhibitor and grow
promoter
Is ephrin a growth inhibitor or growth promoter? - ANSWER-growth inhibitor
Is semaphorin a growth inhibitor or growth promoter? - ANSWER-growth inhibitor
What is a motor plan? - ANSWER-What the movement has to entail
What is a motor program? - ANSWER-How you execute the motor plan
What is allodynia? - ANSWER-- Pain due to a stimulus that does not normally provoke
pain
- Increase pain perception usually at undamaged tissue surrounding the tissue injury
- ex: when you break your ankle, tissue damage is in the bones/ligaments, but if you
touch the skin surrounding it you will receive a painful sensation even though the skin is
not the source of the injury
What type of neurotransmitter is released by free nerve endings? - ANSWER-
Substance P
, In hyperalgesia and allodynia, substance P activates, which causes? - ANSWER--
Substance P activates masked cells which causes vasodilation of the capillary =
increased blood flow to damaged tissue, and swelling to injury site
In hyperalgesia and allodynia in the periphery, masked cells release what? - ANSWER--
Histamine
What does histamine do? - ANSWER-- indicates swelling
- increases sensitivity to free nerve endings (causes itchiness to damages tissue area)
In hyperalgesia and allodynia of the central system, substance P is only released if? -
ANSWER-Substance P is only released with a high frequency of activation
What NT binds to NMDA receptors? - ANSWER-Glutamate
What NT binds to AMPA receptors? - ANSWER-Glutamate
What is Wallerian degeneration? - ANSWER-Proximal Segment Change + Distal
Segment Change after a nerve injury = wallerian degeneration
After a nerve injury occurs, what happens in the proximal segment? What is the
proximal segment change? - ANSWER-**Main events that occur: chromatolysis and
degeneration of myelin and schwann cells to the adjacent node**
Explain the steps that occur during the proximal segment change following a nerve
injury (aka: chromatolysis) - ANSWER-1) nucleus migrates to the periphery of the cell
body
2) nissel bodies surround the nucleus
3) cell body swells
4) DNA from the nucleus gets turned into mRNA
5) mRNA goes to the nissel bodies and creates a protein
6) protein gets packaged into vesicles
7) vesicles with the proteins in it get transported to the injury site to repair the injury
What happens in the distal segment change after a nerve injury? - ANSWER-1) cell
membrane breaks down which causes the release of histamine and serotonin
2) serotonin and histamine attract into macrophages
3) macrophages enter and eat up all the axonal and myelin fragments that were
previously broken down.
True or False: Collateral sprouting occurs over large distances - ANSWER-- False
- Collateral sprouting does not occur over large distances, it will only grow to nearby
targets or over short distances
AND ANSWERS 100% CORRECT
What does pain indicate? - ANSWER-Tissue damage, and it is a protective mechanism
What are the three types of pain? - ANSWER-acute, chronic, persistent
What is acute pain? - ANSWER-- sharp and immediate
- at the onset of tissue damage
What is persistent pain? - ANSWER-- *sore achy pain*
- telling us we still have tissue damage and that we are still trying to repair and protect
the tissue
What is chronic pain? - ANSWER-- Continued expression of pain in the absence of
damaged tissue
- creates dysfunction and disability
- maladaptive (serves no purpose)
What is a nocioceptor? - ANSWER-Pain Receptor / Pain Sensor`
What are the types of nocioceptors? - ANSWER-- A delta
- C-fibre
What is an A-delta fiber? - ANSWER-- Myelinated
- Conducts at a fast rate
- detects acute onset of tissue
What type of pain does an A-delta fibre detect? - ANSWER-ACUTE
- *"A"* Delta for *A*cute
What is a c-fibre? - ANSWER-- unmyelinated
- conducts at a slower rate
- detects more persistent pain
What type of pain does a c-fibre predict? - ANSWER-Persistent pain
What type of fibre predicts the sore achy pain? - ANSWER-C-Fibre
What type of fibre predicts the pain at the onset of tissue damage? - ANSWER-A-delta
What is the type of tactile nocioceptor? - ANSWER-A-beta fibre
,What is an a-beta fibre? - ANSWER-- localizes the tissue damage and maps where the
painful stimuli is coming from
In the absence of what fibre are we now not able to localize the area of an injury? -
ANSWER-- The absence of an a-beta fibre
What do a-beta fibres contribute to? - ANSWER--hyperalgesia
-allodynia
What type of neurotransmitter does the a-beta fibre release? - ANSWER-Glutamate
A-delta fibres and C-fibres work together to produce what? - ANSWER-First and second
pain
What is first and second pain? - ANSWER-- First pain occurs at the time of an injury
(ex: you stub your toe against a table and scream in pain)
- Second pain occurs for the rest of the day (ex: sore achy pain that reminds you that
you stubbed your toe)
What conducts at a faster rate? A-delta fibres or C-fibres? - ANSWER-A-delta because
they are myelinated
What is hyperalgesia? - ANSWER-- increased sensitivity to painful stimuli
is netrin a growth inhibitor or growth promoter? - ANSWER-Growth promoter
Is slit a growth inhibitor or growth promoter? - ANSWER-growth inhibitor and grow
promoter
Is ephrin a growth inhibitor or growth promoter? - ANSWER-growth inhibitor
Is semaphorin a growth inhibitor or growth promoter? - ANSWER-growth inhibitor
What is a motor plan? - ANSWER-What the movement has to entail
What is a motor program? - ANSWER-How you execute the motor plan
What is allodynia? - ANSWER-- Pain due to a stimulus that does not normally provoke
pain
- Increase pain perception usually at undamaged tissue surrounding the tissue injury
- ex: when you break your ankle, tissue damage is in the bones/ligaments, but if you
touch the skin surrounding it you will receive a painful sensation even though the skin is
not the source of the injury
What type of neurotransmitter is released by free nerve endings? - ANSWER-
Substance P
, In hyperalgesia and allodynia, substance P activates, which causes? - ANSWER--
Substance P activates masked cells which causes vasodilation of the capillary =
increased blood flow to damaged tissue, and swelling to injury site
In hyperalgesia and allodynia in the periphery, masked cells release what? - ANSWER--
Histamine
What does histamine do? - ANSWER-- indicates swelling
- increases sensitivity to free nerve endings (causes itchiness to damages tissue area)
In hyperalgesia and allodynia of the central system, substance P is only released if? -
ANSWER-Substance P is only released with a high frequency of activation
What NT binds to NMDA receptors? - ANSWER-Glutamate
What NT binds to AMPA receptors? - ANSWER-Glutamate
What is Wallerian degeneration? - ANSWER-Proximal Segment Change + Distal
Segment Change after a nerve injury = wallerian degeneration
After a nerve injury occurs, what happens in the proximal segment? What is the
proximal segment change? - ANSWER-**Main events that occur: chromatolysis and
degeneration of myelin and schwann cells to the adjacent node**
Explain the steps that occur during the proximal segment change following a nerve
injury (aka: chromatolysis) - ANSWER-1) nucleus migrates to the periphery of the cell
body
2) nissel bodies surround the nucleus
3) cell body swells
4) DNA from the nucleus gets turned into mRNA
5) mRNA goes to the nissel bodies and creates a protein
6) protein gets packaged into vesicles
7) vesicles with the proteins in it get transported to the injury site to repair the injury
What happens in the distal segment change after a nerve injury? - ANSWER-1) cell
membrane breaks down which causes the release of histamine and serotonin
2) serotonin and histamine attract into macrophages
3) macrophages enter and eat up all the axonal and myelin fragments that were
previously broken down.
True or False: Collateral sprouting occurs over large distances - ANSWER-- False
- Collateral sprouting does not occur over large distances, it will only grow to nearby
targets or over short distances
