Critical appraisal MCQs Questions and Answers

Critical appraisal MCQs Questions and Answers Correlation refers to two variables being associated statistically while causation retains this association, a change in one variable (exposure variable) causes a reciprocal change in another variable (outcome variable). Based on this statement, select which one of the below statements refers to correlation and which refers to causation. During the summer months in Texas there has been an increase in sunburn and ice-cream sales. Causation Correlationn Correlation It is not accurate to state that the ice cream sales are causing the increase incidence of sunburn, there is a third variable not being addressed, temperature. During summer there is an increase in temperature that will lead to an increase incidence of sunburn and an increased incidence of ice cream sales independently. Question 2 1 / 1 pts Correlation refers to two variables being associated statistically while causation retains this association, a change in one variable (exposure variable) causes a reciprocal change in another variable (outcome variable). Based on this statement, select which one of the below statements refers to correlation and which refers to causation. With an increase in total daily calories consumed there is an increase in weight of persons enrolled in a weight management program Causation Correlation Causation The increased consumption of calories equates to increased energy intake and directly leads to increased weight. There are no other variables that were not considered. Question 3 1 / 1 pts Correlation refers to two variables being associated statistically while causation retains this association, a change in one variable (exposure variable) causes a reciprocal change in another variable (outcome variable). Based on this statement, select which one of the below statements refers to correlation and which refers to causation. A researcher noted that the prevalence of Hypertension increases with annual salary. Causation Correlation Correlation There is a third variable not being addressed, stress. Persons with higher salaries are likely to have a greater workload and therefore greater degree of stress that contributes to the development of hypertension. Question 4 1 / 1 pts Please match the relevant Bradford Hill criteria of causation to the vignettes. A meta-analysis by Thomas et al found an association between HPV infection and development of cervical cancer - OR 1.89 (95% CI 1.12, 2.35). Strength Biological Plausibility Study Design Dose Response Dose Response and Reversibility Study Design Recall that systematic reviews and meta-analyses sit at the top of the hierarchy of evidence. Question 5 1 / 1 pts Please match the relevant Bradford Hill criteria of causation to the vignettes. A 1978 meta-analysis concluded there was a statistically significant association between smoking and development of lung cancer. Preceding this meta-analysis was a randomized controlled trial which found that when persons reduced their smoking frequency, there was a reciprocal reduction in incidence of lung cancer. Study Design Dose Response and Reversibility Biological Plausibility Dose Response Strength Dose Response and Reversibility This vignette highlights that once the exposure variable is removed we are seeing a reduction in lung cancer thus suggesting reversibility of the association. Question 6 1 / 1 pts Please match the relevant Bradford Hill criteria of causation to the vignettes. Ozempic (semaglutide) is a drug which has been proven to be effective in weight loss. Studies have shown that 0.25mg of semaglutide had a reduction of -0.45kg per week compared to 0.5mg of semglutide which had a reduction of - 0.78kg per week. Biological Plausibility Dose Response and Reversibility Dose Response Study Design Strength Dose Response There is a greater reduction in weight with higher doses of the medication.