Samenvatting criminaliteit en veiligheidsbeleid
Inhoudsopgave
Week 1: Onveiligheid als maatschappelijk probleem......................................................................................5
Laadmoderniteit en onzekerheid.........................................................................................................................5
Type (on)veiligheid...............................................................................................................................................5
(On)veiligheid als maatschappelijk probleem......................................................................................................6
Het mysterie van de verdwenen criminaliteit......................................................................................................6
Subjectieve onveiligheid: drie vormen..................................................................................................................7
Leven wij in een high crime society?....................................................................................................................7
Objectieve versus subjectieve veiligheid..............................................................................................................8
Verwachtingen en opvattingen burgers...............................................................................................................8
Hoe wordt onveiligheid aangepakt?....................................................................................................................9
Beleidscyclus.........................................................................................................................................................9
Week 2: Onveiligheidsgevoelens en ontwikkelingen in de veiligheidszorg.....................................................10
Ontwikkelingen in de veiligheidszorg.................................................................................................................10
Determinanten van (hoe komt het tot stand?)..................................................................................................11
Onveiligheidsgevoelens in de buurt (Elfers & De Jong, 2004)............................................................................12
Veiligheidsutopie (Boutellier).............................................................................................................................12
Controlecultuur (Garland)..................................................................................................................................13
Angst/slachtoffercultuur....................................................................................................................................13
Zorgen over immigratie (Eysink-Smeets & Boot, 2017).....................................................................................13
Veranderingen in veiligheidsdenken..................................................................................................................14
Angstmanagement (Van de Bunt & Van Swaaningen, 2012)............................................................................14
Agendavorming..................................................................................................................................................14
De agenda-setting function theory model.........................................................................................................15
Week 3: Nieuwe partijen in de veiligheidszorg.............................................................................................15
2e helft jaren ’80: criminaliteit op de beleidsagenda.........................................................................................15
Uitgangspunten bestuurlijke preventie (1985-1989).........................................................................................16
Uitgangspunten integraal veiligheidsbeleid......................................................................................................16
De veiligheidsketen............................................................................................................................................17
Belang van integraliteit in aanpak.....................................................................................................................17
De problemen in integraal veiligheidsbeleid......................................................................................................17
Typen veiligheidsnetwerken naar doel...............................................................................................................18
Typen veiligheidsnetwerken naar aansturing....................................................................................................18
Typen veiligheidsnetwerken naar onderdeel.....................................................................................................18
Algemene voor- en nadelen lokale veiligheidsnetwerken (Cachet en Prins).....................................................19
, Bestuurlijke aanpak georganiseerde criminaliteit (BIBOB)................................................................................20
Verborgen strijd in het veiligheidsdomein: samenwerking tussen politie en gemeenten (Salet)......................21
Implementatie van veiligheidsbeleid..................................................................................................................21
Factoren die beleidsoutput beïnvloeden (Stinckens et al., 2016)......................................................................22
Week 4: Burgers als actieve partij in de veiligheidszorg................................................................................22
Achtergronden actieve rol van burgers..............................................................................................................22
Responsabilisering van burgers: overwegingen.................................................................................................23
Sociale cohesie, controle en buurtcoalities........................................................................................................23
Autonome burgerinitiatieven en binnen netwerken..........................................................................................24
Bystander model Latané and Darley (1970)......................................................................................................25
Frans Denker: uitgangspunten en eisen bij zelfredzaamheid............................................................................26
Spanningen rond burgerparticipatie..................................................................................................................27
Onderzoek Vasco Lub (2015)..............................................................................................................................27
Verantwoordelijkheid in een context van non-interventie (Terpstra)................................................................27
Week 5: Publieke en private veiligheidszorg.................................................................................................28
Strategieën voor bedrijfsleven...........................................................................................................................28
Politie versus policing.........................................................................................................................................30
Pluralisering politiefunctie.................................................................................................................................30
‘Stille revolutie’...................................................................................................................................................30
Gevolgen ‘stille revolutie’...................................................................................................................................30
Achtergronden groei private sector (Van Steden).............................................................................................31
Voorbeelden private veiligheidszorg..................................................................................................................32
Promotieonderzoek Clarissa Meerts..................................................................................................................32
Typen toezicht in de (semi)publieke ruimte.......................................................................................................33
Knelpunten bij inzet private boa’s (Terpstra).....................................................................................................34
Regulering private veiligheidszorg (WPBR)........................................................................................................34
Reassurance policing..........................................................................................................................................35
Week 6: Veranderingen bij de politie........................................................................................................... 36
Opkomst bedrijfsmatige politie..........................................................................................................................36
Legitimiteit politie..............................................................................................................................................36
Presentatiestrategieën.......................................................................................................................................36
Wat is politiewerk?.............................................................................................................................................37
Twee kernbegrippen uit Politiewet 2012...........................................................................................................38
Waarom ingewikkeld systeem?.........................................................................................................................38
Politiemodellen...................................................................................................................................................39
Onderzoek naar effectiviteit van standaardmodel van politiewerk (Weisburd & Eck)......................................39
Alternatieven voor standaardmodel politiewerk...............................................................................................40
, Evaluatieonderzoek............................................................................................................................................41
Openen van de black box van sociale interventies.............................................................................................42
Week 7: Mediatisering en de roep om harder te straffen..............................................................................42
Mediatisering van opsporing en vervolging (Terpstra)......................................................................................42
Media en de beeldvorming van criminaliteit (Althoff).......................................................................................43
The high-profile case as ‘fire object’ (Jong & M’charek)....................................................................................43
De digitale schandpaal: opsporingsberichtgeving in een gedigitaliseerde samenleving (Van der Veen &
Samadi)..............................................................................................................................................................44
Mediatisering.....................................................................................................................................................45
Gevolgen van mediatisering...............................................................................................................................45
Mediaberichten (Althoff)....................................................................................................................................45
Sociale media.....................................................................................................................................................47
Opsporingsberichtgeving...................................................................................................................................47
Gevolgen opsporingsberichtgeving....................................................................................................................47
Week 8: Verharding..................................................................................................................................... 48
Verharding..........................................................................................................................................................48
Drie soorten veranderingen t.a.v. verharding....................................................................................................48
Kenmerken punitiever strafstelsel......................................................................................................................49
Vormen van regulering van gedrag in publieke ruimte.....................................................................................50
Verharding in Nederland....................................................................................................................................50
Achtergronden verharding.................................................................................................................................50
Argumenten vóór verharding.............................................................................................................................51
(On)veiligheid en efficiency als stabiel kompas voor het strafrechtelijk criminaliteitsbeleid (Woude).............52
De strafwedloop (Van Stokkom)........................................................................................................................52
Week 9: Technologische ontwikkelingen in de veiligheidszorg......................................................................53
Historische achtergronden.................................................................................................................................53
Ontstaan surveillance society............................................................................................................................53
Doelen technologische ontwikkelingen..............................................................................................................53
Technologie bij politie........................................................................................................................................53
Gebruik technologie in interventiestrategieën...................................................................................................54
Gevolgen van technologie voor controle...........................................................................................................54
Big data policing (Ferguson)..............................................................................................................................54
Waarom big data policing? (Byrne & Marx)......................................................................................................55
Gevolgen van technologie voor politiewerk (McGuire)......................................................................................55
Data professionals (Schuilenberg).....................................................................................................................56
Understanding data professionals in the police (Fest, Schäfer & Van Dijck).....................................................57
Street-level bureaucracy (Lipsky, 1990).............................................................................................................58
Predictive policing applicatie door Nederland...................................................................................................58
, Week 10: Grenzen aan de veiligheidszorg..................................................................................................... 58
Strafrecht versus risicodenken: waarden en oriëntaties....................................................................................58
Risicomanagement.............................................................................................................................................58
Risicoregelreflex.................................................................................................................................................59
Risicoregelreflex: onderliggende argumenten...................................................................................................59
Uitdijende controle-industrie met keurmerken (Van Waarden)........................................................................59
Publiek goed: drie kenmerken............................................................................................................................60
Is veiligheidszorg nog een publiek goed?...........................................................................................................60
Paradoxen in veiligheidszorg (Zedner)...............................................................................................................61
Kritische kanttekeningen bij het veiligheidsnarratief binnen detentie (Meijer & Van Meeteren).....................61
Inhoudsopgave
Week 1: Onveiligheid als maatschappelijk probleem......................................................................................5
Laadmoderniteit en onzekerheid.........................................................................................................................5
Type (on)veiligheid...............................................................................................................................................5
(On)veiligheid als maatschappelijk probleem......................................................................................................6
Het mysterie van de verdwenen criminaliteit......................................................................................................6
Subjectieve onveiligheid: drie vormen..................................................................................................................7
Leven wij in een high crime society?....................................................................................................................7
Objectieve versus subjectieve veiligheid..............................................................................................................8
Verwachtingen en opvattingen burgers...............................................................................................................8
Hoe wordt onveiligheid aangepakt?....................................................................................................................9
Beleidscyclus.........................................................................................................................................................9
Week 2: Onveiligheidsgevoelens en ontwikkelingen in de veiligheidszorg.....................................................10
Ontwikkelingen in de veiligheidszorg.................................................................................................................10
Determinanten van (hoe komt het tot stand?)..................................................................................................11
Onveiligheidsgevoelens in de buurt (Elfers & De Jong, 2004)............................................................................12
Veiligheidsutopie (Boutellier).............................................................................................................................12
Controlecultuur (Garland)..................................................................................................................................13
Angst/slachtoffercultuur....................................................................................................................................13
Zorgen over immigratie (Eysink-Smeets & Boot, 2017).....................................................................................13
Veranderingen in veiligheidsdenken..................................................................................................................14
Angstmanagement (Van de Bunt & Van Swaaningen, 2012)............................................................................14
Agendavorming..................................................................................................................................................14
De agenda-setting function theory model.........................................................................................................15
Week 3: Nieuwe partijen in de veiligheidszorg.............................................................................................15
2e helft jaren ’80: criminaliteit op de beleidsagenda.........................................................................................15
Uitgangspunten bestuurlijke preventie (1985-1989).........................................................................................16
Uitgangspunten integraal veiligheidsbeleid......................................................................................................16
De veiligheidsketen............................................................................................................................................17
Belang van integraliteit in aanpak.....................................................................................................................17
De problemen in integraal veiligheidsbeleid......................................................................................................17
Typen veiligheidsnetwerken naar doel...............................................................................................................18
Typen veiligheidsnetwerken naar aansturing....................................................................................................18
Typen veiligheidsnetwerken naar onderdeel.....................................................................................................18
Algemene voor- en nadelen lokale veiligheidsnetwerken (Cachet en Prins).....................................................19
, Bestuurlijke aanpak georganiseerde criminaliteit (BIBOB)................................................................................20
Verborgen strijd in het veiligheidsdomein: samenwerking tussen politie en gemeenten (Salet)......................21
Implementatie van veiligheidsbeleid..................................................................................................................21
Factoren die beleidsoutput beïnvloeden (Stinckens et al., 2016)......................................................................22
Week 4: Burgers als actieve partij in de veiligheidszorg................................................................................22
Achtergronden actieve rol van burgers..............................................................................................................22
Responsabilisering van burgers: overwegingen.................................................................................................23
Sociale cohesie, controle en buurtcoalities........................................................................................................23
Autonome burgerinitiatieven en binnen netwerken..........................................................................................24
Bystander model Latané and Darley (1970)......................................................................................................25
Frans Denker: uitgangspunten en eisen bij zelfredzaamheid............................................................................26
Spanningen rond burgerparticipatie..................................................................................................................27
Onderzoek Vasco Lub (2015)..............................................................................................................................27
Verantwoordelijkheid in een context van non-interventie (Terpstra)................................................................27
Week 5: Publieke en private veiligheidszorg.................................................................................................28
Strategieën voor bedrijfsleven...........................................................................................................................28
Politie versus policing.........................................................................................................................................30
Pluralisering politiefunctie.................................................................................................................................30
‘Stille revolutie’...................................................................................................................................................30
Gevolgen ‘stille revolutie’...................................................................................................................................30
Achtergronden groei private sector (Van Steden).............................................................................................31
Voorbeelden private veiligheidszorg..................................................................................................................32
Promotieonderzoek Clarissa Meerts..................................................................................................................32
Typen toezicht in de (semi)publieke ruimte.......................................................................................................33
Knelpunten bij inzet private boa’s (Terpstra).....................................................................................................34
Regulering private veiligheidszorg (WPBR)........................................................................................................34
Reassurance policing..........................................................................................................................................35
Week 6: Veranderingen bij de politie........................................................................................................... 36
Opkomst bedrijfsmatige politie..........................................................................................................................36
Legitimiteit politie..............................................................................................................................................36
Presentatiestrategieën.......................................................................................................................................36
Wat is politiewerk?.............................................................................................................................................37
Twee kernbegrippen uit Politiewet 2012...........................................................................................................38
Waarom ingewikkeld systeem?.........................................................................................................................38
Politiemodellen...................................................................................................................................................39
Onderzoek naar effectiviteit van standaardmodel van politiewerk (Weisburd & Eck)......................................39
Alternatieven voor standaardmodel politiewerk...............................................................................................40
, Evaluatieonderzoek............................................................................................................................................41
Openen van de black box van sociale interventies.............................................................................................42
Week 7: Mediatisering en de roep om harder te straffen..............................................................................42
Mediatisering van opsporing en vervolging (Terpstra)......................................................................................42
Media en de beeldvorming van criminaliteit (Althoff).......................................................................................43
The high-profile case as ‘fire object’ (Jong & M’charek)....................................................................................43
De digitale schandpaal: opsporingsberichtgeving in een gedigitaliseerde samenleving (Van der Veen &
Samadi)..............................................................................................................................................................44
Mediatisering.....................................................................................................................................................45
Gevolgen van mediatisering...............................................................................................................................45
Mediaberichten (Althoff)....................................................................................................................................45
Sociale media.....................................................................................................................................................47
Opsporingsberichtgeving...................................................................................................................................47
Gevolgen opsporingsberichtgeving....................................................................................................................47
Week 8: Verharding..................................................................................................................................... 48
Verharding..........................................................................................................................................................48
Drie soorten veranderingen t.a.v. verharding....................................................................................................48
Kenmerken punitiever strafstelsel......................................................................................................................49
Vormen van regulering van gedrag in publieke ruimte.....................................................................................50
Verharding in Nederland....................................................................................................................................50
Achtergronden verharding.................................................................................................................................50
Argumenten vóór verharding.............................................................................................................................51
(On)veiligheid en efficiency als stabiel kompas voor het strafrechtelijk criminaliteitsbeleid (Woude).............52
De strafwedloop (Van Stokkom)........................................................................................................................52
Week 9: Technologische ontwikkelingen in de veiligheidszorg......................................................................53
Historische achtergronden.................................................................................................................................53
Ontstaan surveillance society............................................................................................................................53
Doelen technologische ontwikkelingen..............................................................................................................53
Technologie bij politie........................................................................................................................................53
Gebruik technologie in interventiestrategieën...................................................................................................54
Gevolgen van technologie voor controle...........................................................................................................54
Big data policing (Ferguson)..............................................................................................................................54
Waarom big data policing? (Byrne & Marx)......................................................................................................55
Gevolgen van technologie voor politiewerk (McGuire)......................................................................................55
Data professionals (Schuilenberg).....................................................................................................................56
Understanding data professionals in the police (Fest, Schäfer & Van Dijck).....................................................57
Street-level bureaucracy (Lipsky, 1990).............................................................................................................58
Predictive policing applicatie door Nederland...................................................................................................58
, Week 10: Grenzen aan de veiligheidszorg..................................................................................................... 58
Strafrecht versus risicodenken: waarden en oriëntaties....................................................................................58
Risicomanagement.............................................................................................................................................58
Risicoregelreflex.................................................................................................................................................59
Risicoregelreflex: onderliggende argumenten...................................................................................................59
Uitdijende controle-industrie met keurmerken (Van Waarden)........................................................................59
Publiek goed: drie kenmerken............................................................................................................................60
Is veiligheidszorg nog een publiek goed?...........................................................................................................60
Paradoxen in veiligheidszorg (Zedner)...............................................................................................................61
Kritische kanttekeningen bij het veiligheidsnarratief binnen detentie (Meijer & Van Meeteren).....................61
