Criminology Unit 9- Exam Questions with Verified Solutions Latest update 2025 (Rated A+)

Criminology Unit 9- Exam Questions with Verified Solutions Latest update 2025 (Rated A+) peacemaking criminology - Answers Crime-control agencies and the citizens they serve should work together to alleviate social problems and human suffering and thus reduce crime. Creation of communities and co-operation rehabilitation - Answers an attempt to change/reform a convicted person so that he or she will not commit another criminal act reintegration - Answers The process of reintroducing a convicted offender back into the community reintegrative shaming - Answers Braithwaite's shaming theory posits that reintegrative shaming, a process by which the offender is shamed for his or her actions and then is welcomed back into the community, inhibits future misbehaviour. He also argues that those who participate in the shaming process are less likely to misbehave in the first place republican theory - Answers A theory put forward by John Braithwaite and Phillip Pettit that posits the purpose of the criminal justice system should be to promote a republican conception of freedom Republicanism realizes that law alone cannot achieve structural change and, moreover, counsels legal restraint through its adherence to a presumption that intervention by the law should be a measure of last resort Republican theory emphasizes the importance of nonlegal forms of regulation (informal social norms and practices) HOLSITIC FOCUS ON RELATIONSHOPS IN CJS restitution - Answers usually a condition attached to probation order requiring the offender to pay back the victim or the community in some way restorative justice - Answers a process for resolving crime and conflicts that focuses on redressing the harms caused to victims while holding offenders accountable for their actions and engaging the community in a conflict resolution process Introduction - Answers RJ is a newer perspective and social movement, began as a response to New Right Criminology Tied to Indigenous culture and spirituality (social view of crime) Opposition to adversarial system (critical of role of state, focus rather on community) Holistic views of crime and society based on: moving away from punitive model ideals of individual and community healing restoration of peace and harmony Unlike retributivists that focus on just deserts approach (get what they deserve) In Canada things that lead to development of RJ - Answers failure of adversarial system to decrease crime rates high rates of incarceration overrepresentation of indigenous people in CJS exclusion of victims and communities from justice decisions develop of victims rights organizations emergence of movement advocating for community-based justice Has strong roots in Indigenous community in 1970s: aboriginal leaders used to engender emotional and spiritual healing with community reinforced and extended influence of traditional healing and spiritual practices Gladoo decision - Answers Decision by supreme court Courts should leave custodial sentences when possible, use community based, framework for RJ in Canada Republican Theory - Answers Braithwaite and Petit challenged retributivist perspective and goal-oriented approach like utalitarism Critical of sole goal of CJS being crime prevention Theories that single out subsystems (i.e. punishment) may miss interactions that connect them Lacks focus on relationships found within CJS CJS needs to be seen as a complete entity; holistic approach is necessary (view as a whole) May be considered a particular model of restorative justice Concept of Dominion (Republican) - Answers Robust SOCIAL FREEDOM only achievable through well-governed state: connects indivduals as citizens (CITZENSHIPS WITH OTHERS) achieved through equal opportunities for liberty and a common knowledge about this condition Reintegrative Shaming in Concept of Dominion - Answers offender is publicly rebuked for harm but is then forgiven and reintegrated into society victims is directly involved in proceedings and can be compensated maximizing personal dominion of the victim acknowledge inappropriate behavior in respectful of the offender bring back to good good standing in community Policy Presumptions (Republican) - Answers 1. Parsimony: criminalization is costly and should be minimized (harmful to economy) 2. Non-invasiveness: penal powers should not be overly invasive 3. Reprobation: justice should convey a shaming, moralizing message (take accountability for victims harm) 4. Reintegration: offenders must not become outcasts as this infringes on their dominion and threatens the dominion of others (bring closer instead) Community-Based Justice (republican) - Answers Encourage peaceful expression of conflict while building respect for community and encouraging responsibility for problem solving The state views conflict as negative and needs to be controlled RJ based on 3 interrelated propositions - Answers 1. crime violation of people and interpersonal relationships 2. violations create obligations and liabilities (duty to put back community) 3.RJ seeks to heal and put right the wrong Alternative Approach to Incarceration (3) (Contemporary Examples) - Answers Victim-Offender Mediation/Victim-reconciliation: bring offender and offender together pre-charge, post-charge, or at sentencing Community and family group conferencing: