Criminology Unit 7- Exam Questions with Verified Solutions Latest Version 2025

Criminology Unit 7- Exam Questions with Verified Solutions Latest Version 2025 Crime Control Model - Answers Coined by Herbert L. Parker. Indicated that the criminal justice system has the goal of apprehending and punishing those who commit crimes. Assumes that those arrested are guilty and stressed processing and convicting offenders as efficiently and effectively as possible. Due Process Model - Answers Coined by Herbert L. Parker. Argues that the criminal justice system has to protect suspects from errors and the abuses that can occur in the system. Sees the criminal justice system as having many errors that could occur as suspects are arrested and sentenced. Selection Process of Police Officers - Answers - clean record - good physical condition - pass a background check - high school diploma - pass a written exam - pass a psychological evaluation - live within the jurisdiction of where they work - education level needed is rising, some need a bachelors degree. Police Subculture - Answers A set of norms and values governing police behavior. This is because of the danger, stress, and isolation that are common in police work. Learned by starting training they receive at police academies. Heart of the police subculture is loyalty and support. Honor, solidarity. and respect are also important. The Blue Curtain or "Screen" - Answers Separates the police from the community when officers are isolated form the wider society. Can be both negative and positive. African Americans - Answers Make up 13% of population, but 27% of arrests. Racial Profiling - Answers Different treatment based on a person's race or ethnicity. Community Policing - Answers Programs and policies that partner law enforcement with the communities that they serve. The emphasis is too have law enforcement and the community work together to determine what the community needs and how to fulfill these needs. EX: neighborhood watch, police-sponsored activities for young people. Police-Community Relations Programs - Answers Different from community policing in that they aim to change the community's perceptions of law enforcement but not change the way policing is done. Include having police officers visit schools, giving out good citizen awards, and giving tours of headquarters. The Court System - Answers Decided on the guilt or innocence of individuals and decided on the appropriate punishments for those found guilt of crimes. In the U.S., it is broken down into state and federal courts. State Courts - Answers Handles more cases than the federal system. Of about 90 million cases filed in state courts around the country, there are about 14 million criminal cases, 15 million civil cases, and over 55 million traffic and other local violation cases. Juvenile and domestic cases round out the number of court cases found in the state system. State Court 3-Tier System: Courts of Limited Jurisdiction - Answers These courts handle minor criminal cases, traffic violations, and less serious civil suits. Typically overseen by a Justice of the Peace. These courts handle over half of the cases in the states. Justice of the Peace - Answers A judge not necessarily trained in the law who oversees more minor cases. State Court 3-Tier System: Courts of General Jurisdiction - Answers These courts are major trial courts that have jurisdiction over all cases. Typically, these courts exist at the county level although some states may have several counties grouped under one court. State Court 3-Tier System: Appellate Courts - Answers These courts have the power to review any judgement made in the other courts of the state system. Any person convicted of a crime has the right to appeal their conviction to the appellate courts when there may be an error on a point of law. Many states have to appellate courts: an intermediate appellate court and a state supreme court. State Supreme Court - Answers The court of last resort and consists of 5-9 judges who review cases. Federal Court - Answers Enforce and uphold federal laws. Federal laws can range from treason to environmental protection. They also test whether state and federal laws are constitutional or not. EX: if a state banned all gun ownership, a court case on a violation of this law would probably be sent to the federal courts where the would assess whether the law is constitutional or not. Federal Magistrates - Answers The lowest level of jurisdiction in the federal system. They have the jurisdiction over minor federal offenses and have the important role of signing search or arrest warrants. District Courts - Answers Have both civil and criminal jurisdiction at the federal level. In the U.S., there are 94 district courts. Drug cases are the largest category of cases handled in the distr