Summary from molecule to mind: SYNBIO & NEUROPHYSIOLOGY

Summary, From molecule to mind

Table of Contents

NeuroAnatomy ................................................................................................................... 3
Lecture 1, Development of the Brain (Purves Ch22).............................................................. 3
Lecture 2, Skull, meninges, vasculature & Cranial nerves, brainstem ................................. 15
Lecture 3, Spinal Cord, Somatosensory Systems and Autonomous Nervous System (Purves
Ch9,10,17) ........................................................................................................................... 32
Lecture 4, Cortex, Thalamus and Motor Systems (Purves Ch16,17,27,28) .......................... 52
Lecture 5, Basal Ganglia and Cerebellum (Purves Ch18,19) ............................................... 71
Lecture 6, Limbic System, Hippocampus and Amygdala (Purves Ch30,31) ......................... 96

Synapse Biology ............................................................................................................. 116
Lecture 1, Chemical Synapses ........................................................................................... 116
Lecture 2, PostsynapSc organizaSon ................................................................................ 125
Lecture 4 & 5, FuncSonal Genomics .................................................................................. 142

NeuroPhysiology ............................................................................................................ 155
Lecture 1, Ion Channels (Purves Ch2-4) ............................................................................. 158
Lecture 2, ResSng membrane potenSal (Purves Ch2-4) .................................................... 168
Lecture 3, AcSve properSes of neurons (Purves Ch2-4) .................................................... 177
Lecture 4, AcSon PotenSal PropagaSon (Purves Ch2-4) ................................................... 181
Lecture 5, CorScal FuncSon and Human Mental Ability .................................................... 189
Lecture 6, OptogeneScs .................................................................................................... 197
Lecture 7, SynapSc PlasScity (Purves Chapter 8 & 30) ...................................................... 213
Paper Discussion Nabavi ............................................................................................... 221
Lecture 8, CogniSve Map/ Memories (Purves Chapter 30) ............................................... 230
Lecture 8, CogniSve Map/ Memories (Purves Chapter 30) ............................................... 230
Paper Discussion LiuNature (memory) .......................................................................... 240

Basics in Cell Biology and Neurobiology .......................................................................... 251
Lecture 1, Intracellular Compartments and Transport (EssenSal Cell Biology Ch15) ........ 251
Lecture 2, Intracellular Signaling (EssenSal Cell Biology Ch16/ Purves Ch7) ..................... 264
Lecture 3, Protein Structure and FuncSon (EssenSal Cell Biology Ch4) ............................. 279
Lecture 4, Cytoskeleton (EssenSal Cell Biology Ch17) ....................................................... 293
Lecture 5, Neurotransmi\ers and their Receptors (Purves Ch6) ....................................... 303

, Lecture 6, DNA and Chromosomes (EssenSal Cell Biology Ch5) ........................................ 315
Lecture 7, From DNA to Protein: How Cells Read the Genome (EssenSal Cell Biology Ch7)
.......................................................................................................................................... 323
Lecture 8, Synapses (Purves Ch5) ...................................................................................... 335
Lecture 9, Molecular Memory / SynapSc PlasScity (Purves Ch8) ...................................... 349

Methods and Models in Neuroscience ............................................................................ 358
Lecture 1, C. elegans ......................................................................................................... 359
Lecture 2, Yeast ................................................................................................................. 371
Lecture 3, Drosophila ........................................................................................................ 381
Lecture 4, Mouse ............................................................................................................... 388

,Synapse Biology
Most therapies are focused on the protein networks while new therapies also involve gene
networks.


Lecture 1, Chemical Synapses

Learning objecAves:
• Four different types of synapses and their predicted reliability
• SynapAc probability, synapAc failures
• Short lived and long lived changes in synapAc probability




A synapse is a contact point between two neurons or a neuron and another contact point
(muscle). When an electrical signal (acAon potenAal) arrives at the synapse it will be
transmiTed into a chemical signal (which was stored in vesicles). This chemical signal will
cause a new electrical signal at the post-synapse.

, *AcAon potenAals are always the same (invariable) whereas resAng membrane potenAals
can differ among species but also across cells. Also the transmission of the signal has a high
modulaAon component.




Receiving part of a neuron: dendrite

Many synapses fail upon single sAmulaAon




1. A pipeTe was used to sAmulate the axon of an adjacent neuron. This neuron will
acAvate the neuron.
2. Every response you see (increase in the calcium of receiving cell: dendrite), means
the opening of receptors on the receiving site and thus a successful transmission of
the signal.
BUT
3 of 5 Ames the transmission of the signal fails
- Thus, there is a probability that a signal is being transmiTed
- There is a high variability in the transmission of the signalà adapAve capacity of the
brain