POLI 2051 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS 100% SOLVED
Cabinet - ✔✔the group of presidential advisors who head the executive
departments.
Council of Economic Advisers (CEA) - ✔✔members advise the president
on economic policy and prepare the Annual Report of the CEA.
Crisis - ✔✔a sudden, unpredictable, and potentially dangerous event.
Impeachment - ✔✔the political equivalent of an indictment for removing a
discredited president.
Legislative veto - ✔✔a clause which allows Congress to override the action
of the executive.
National Security Council (NSC) - ✔✔a committee that links the president's
key foreign and military advisors.
Office of Management and Budget (OMB) - ✔✔responsible for preparing
the president's budget and assessing the budgetary implications of
legislative proposals.
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©NINJANERD 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025.
,Pocket veto - ✔✔this occurs when Congress adjourns within 10 days after
submitting a bill and the president takes no action to sign it or veto it.
Presidential coattails - ✔✔where voters cast their ballots for congressional
candidates of the president's party because those candidates support the
president.
Twenty-fifth Amendment - ✔✔passed in 1967, permits the vice president to
become acting president in the event that the president is temporarily
disabled.
Twenty-second Amendment - ✔✔passed in 1951, limits presidents to two
terms.
Veto - ✔✔sending the legislation back to Congress with reasons for
rejecting it.
War Powers Resolution - ✔✔passed in 1973, requires presidents to consult
with Congress prior to using military force and mandates the withdrawal of
forces after sixty days unless Congress declares war or grants an
extension.
Watergate - ✔✔a political scandal involving President Nixon's abuse of his
powers.
Appropriations bill - ✔✔bill passed annually to fund an authorized program.
2
©NINJANERD 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025.
,Authorization bill - ✔✔an act of Congress that establishes a discretionary
government program or an entitlement, or that continues or changes such
programs.
Budget - ✔✔a policy document that allocates burdens (taxes) and benefits
(expenditures).
Budget resolution - ✔✔a bill setting limits on expenditures based on
revenue projections, agreed to by both houses of Congress in April each
year.
Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974 - ✔✔an act
designed to reform the budgeting process by making Congress less
dependent on the president's budget; established a fixed budget calendar
and a budget committee in each house.
Congressional Budget Office (CBO) - ✔✔research agency of Congress,
responsible to it for providing analyses of budget proposals, revenue
forecasts, and related information.
Continuing resolutions - ✔✔laws that allow agencies to spend at the
previous year's level.
Deficit - ✔✔occurs when government spends more money than it receives
in taxes in the fiscal year.
3
©NINJANERD 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025.
, Entitlements - ✔✔expenditures for which the total amount spent is not by
congressional appropriation, but rather by rules of eligibility established by
Congress.
Expenditures - ✔✔money spent by the government in any one year.
Federal debt - ✔✔all of the money borrowed by the government over the
years that is still outstanding.
House Ways and Means Committee - ✔✔responsible for originating all
revenue bills.
Income tax - ✔✔the portion of money individuals are required to pay to the
government from the money they earned.
Incrementalism - ✔✔the best predictor of this year's budget is last year's
budget plus a little bit more.
Medicare - ✔✔in 1965, this program was added to Social Security to
provide hospital and physician coverage to the elderly.
Reconciliation - ✔✔revisions of program authorizations to make the final
budget meet the limits of the budget resolution, usually occurring toward
the end of the budgetary process.
Revenues - ✔✔money received by the government in any given year.
Senate Finance Committee - ✔✔responsible for writing the tax code.
4
©NINJANERD 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025.
AND ANSWERS 100% SOLVED
Cabinet - ✔✔the group of presidential advisors who head the executive
departments.
Council of Economic Advisers (CEA) - ✔✔members advise the president
on economic policy and prepare the Annual Report of the CEA.
Crisis - ✔✔a sudden, unpredictable, and potentially dangerous event.
Impeachment - ✔✔the political equivalent of an indictment for removing a
discredited president.
Legislative veto - ✔✔a clause which allows Congress to override the action
of the executive.
National Security Council (NSC) - ✔✔a committee that links the president's
key foreign and military advisors.
Office of Management and Budget (OMB) - ✔✔responsible for preparing
the president's budget and assessing the budgetary implications of
legislative proposals.
1
©NINJANERD 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025.
,Pocket veto - ✔✔this occurs when Congress adjourns within 10 days after
submitting a bill and the president takes no action to sign it or veto it.
Presidential coattails - ✔✔where voters cast their ballots for congressional
candidates of the president's party because those candidates support the
president.
Twenty-fifth Amendment - ✔✔passed in 1967, permits the vice president to
become acting president in the event that the president is temporarily
disabled.
Twenty-second Amendment - ✔✔passed in 1951, limits presidents to two
terms.
Veto - ✔✔sending the legislation back to Congress with reasons for
rejecting it.
War Powers Resolution - ✔✔passed in 1973, requires presidents to consult
with Congress prior to using military force and mandates the withdrawal of
forces after sixty days unless Congress declares war or grants an
extension.
Watergate - ✔✔a political scandal involving President Nixon's abuse of his
powers.
Appropriations bill - ✔✔bill passed annually to fund an authorized program.
2
©NINJANERD 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025.
,Authorization bill - ✔✔an act of Congress that establishes a discretionary
government program or an entitlement, or that continues or changes such
programs.
Budget - ✔✔a policy document that allocates burdens (taxes) and benefits
(expenditures).
Budget resolution - ✔✔a bill setting limits on expenditures based on
revenue projections, agreed to by both houses of Congress in April each
year.
Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974 - ✔✔an act
designed to reform the budgeting process by making Congress less
dependent on the president's budget; established a fixed budget calendar
and a budget committee in each house.
Congressional Budget Office (CBO) - ✔✔research agency of Congress,
responsible to it for providing analyses of budget proposals, revenue
forecasts, and related information.
Continuing resolutions - ✔✔laws that allow agencies to spend at the
previous year's level.
Deficit - ✔✔occurs when government spends more money than it receives
in taxes in the fiscal year.
3
©NINJANERD 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025.
, Entitlements - ✔✔expenditures for which the total amount spent is not by
congressional appropriation, but rather by rules of eligibility established by
Congress.
Expenditures - ✔✔money spent by the government in any one year.
Federal debt - ✔✔all of the money borrowed by the government over the
years that is still outstanding.
House Ways and Means Committee - ✔✔responsible for originating all
revenue bills.
Income tax - ✔✔the portion of money individuals are required to pay to the
government from the money they earned.
Incrementalism - ✔✔the best predictor of this year's budget is last year's
budget plus a little bit more.
Medicare - ✔✔in 1965, this program was added to Social Security to
provide hospital and physician coverage to the elderly.
Reconciliation - ✔✔revisions of program authorizations to make the final
budget meet the limits of the budget resolution, usually occurring toward
the end of the budgetary process.
Revenues - ✔✔money received by the government in any given year.
Senate Finance Committee - ✔✔responsible for writing the tax code.
4
©NINJANERD 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025.
