CONS 127 Final Exam Questions and Answers Solved 100%

CONS 127 Final Exam Questions and Answers Solved 100% Latitude - Answers Angle describing East/West position Longitude - Answers Angle describing North/South position Parallel - Answers Circle connecting locations within a given latitude Three ways we can describe Earth's shape - Answers Sphere/ellipsoid/geoid Only correct representation of Earth's surface - Answers geoid Main difference between equivalent and conformal projection - Answers Equivalent- Areas of countries and continents are preserved. Conformal projection- angles between positions are preserved. How was a metre first defined? - Answers One ten millionth of distance from the Equator to the North Pole How is it defined now? - Answers Based on the speed of light and defined by the length of the path travelled by light in a vacuum during a time interval of 1/ of a second What is the name of the unit which is equal to 1000 nm? - Answers 1 micrometer Which covers more area, a small or a large scale map? - Answers Small scale map What are two ways scale can be indicated on a map? - Answers graphic scale and fractional scale What kind of map scale would be appropriate for representing large countries and/or continents? For a city neighbourhood? - Answers Graphic scale used for small scale maps. Verbal scale for city/neighbourhood. What are two ways scale can be indicated on a map? - Answers Graphic scales or fractional scales Who wrote the soundtrack to The Powers of Ten? - Answers Elmer Bernstein What is relative positioning? Vs absolute positioning? - Answers Relative- relates to landmarks and other features around you. Absolute- uses coordinates, fixed position Prior to 1800, what was the underlying principal behind positioning? - Answers Dead reckoning (use previously determined position and advancing the position based on estimated speed over time) What are the two aspects of a position that need to be measured? - Answers ?? Name some 3 devices which can measure distances at different scales? - Answers Electron microscope, optical microscope, cameras What is a geodetic marker? - Answers Basis for mapping of Earth's surface In Ocean navigation which is easier to calculate, latitude or longitude? - Answers Latitude is easier to calculate Describe how the altitude-intercept model can be used to find a position on the Earth's surface. How does this method differ from previous positioning methods? - Answers Requires the observer knows the time at Greenwich at the moment of observation. If you know what time it is when you're at sea and at Greenwich, having the difference you can calculate the longitude. Dead reckoning// a method of establishing a fix by measuring the altitude of a celestial body from the true position and comparing this with the calculated What is the critical measurement to obtain an accurate longitude? - Answers Time What are the ways that we can define space? - Answers No district boundary between Earth and space. Could look at it as middle atmosphere or after upper atmosphere What is an orbit? - Answers Curved path around celestial object Which type of orbit would be used to monitor weather? - Answers Geostationary orbit Which type of orbit is used for GPS tracking? - Answers Far-elliptical orbit used for GPS Which orbit is best for getting to and returning from space easily? - Answers Low earth orbit About how long does it take for astronauts to get to the ISS? - Answers 3 days Which orbit type are most remote sensing satellites in? Why? - Answers Most are in low-earth orbit because it is temporary and closest to the earth Name three types of satellites (i.e. performing different functions) that use geostationary orbits? - Answers Weather forecasting, satellite radio, satellite tv Which author conceived of geostationary orbits before their applications were fully considered? - Answers Arthur C. Clarke What does GNSS stand for? How does it differ from GPS? - Answers Global Navigation Satellite System. Describes satellites: GPS, Glonass, Galileo What is the minimum number of satellite needed for an accurate positional location? - Answers Three, but four satellites for a more accurate position What two key types of information are sent by GNSS satellites to receivers that allow for the determining of position? - Answers Time and pseudorange? Explain the causes of two different types of dilution of position error and how those errors can be minimized. - Answers If satellites are too close together, accuracy will be lower and if there aren't enough satellites, accuracy is also lower How is distance from a GNSS satellite to a receiver measured? - Answers By comparing the time the code was sent from the satellite to the time the code was received by the receiver (c* = change in time) What type of error is caused by GNSS signals bouncing off of objects near a receiver? - Answers Multipath error How does assisted GPS differ from differential GPS? - Answers Assisted GPS improves the startup performance of a GNSS receiver by using cell network towers that pass into about location and relevant satellites. Differential GPS is used to increase measurement accuracy and requires additional receiver in known position, so it can increase accuracy from 10 m to 10 cm. What spatial errors could you expect with a phone based GPS? - Answers 3 to 15 m When will GPS not work? - Answers Remote areas/places where there aren't enough geodetic markers/tunnels/buildings/water In what decade were the first images collected from Space? From what platform? - Answers 1940's from V2 rocket What are some disadvantages of acquiring images from rockets? - Answers Rockets aren't in space for long; satellites orbit consistently while rockets only capture temporarily What was the first remote sensing based application? - Answers For weather satellites Select a Canadian innovation relevant to observing the Earth. Why is it important? - Answers Canadarm; supports astronauts during spacewalks and provides imaging What are three useful characteristics of the data provided by Earth observing systems? - Answers ?? What is the name of the project on the International Space Station that provides high resolution video of the Earth? - Answers Copula Module Define wavelength - Answers Measure of distance between two identical peaks in a series of waves (i.e. radio, infrared, visible waves, etc.) Define frequency - Answers Number of waves that pass a given point per second What is the symbol for the speed of light? - Answers c What is the shortest wavelength emitted by the sun? - Answers Gamma rays 100 nm is how many micrometers (or microns)? - Answers 0.1 What is the colour of the longest wavelength of visible light? - Answers Red